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Lorado Taft
Born	(1860-04-29)April 29, 1860 Elmwood, Illinois
Died	October 30, 1936(1936-10-30) (aged 76) Chicago, Illinois
Nationality	American
Known for	Sculpture

Lorado Zadok Taft (April 29, 1860 – October 30, 1936) was an American sculptor, writer and educator. Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois, in 1860 and died in his home studio in Chicago in 1936.^[1] Taft was the father of US Representative Emily Taft Douglas, father-in-law to her husband, US Senator Paul Douglas, and a distant relative of US President William Howard Taft.

Early years and education

Taft at work on Fountain of the Great Lakes in 1913 in Lorado Taft Midway Studios

Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois. His father was a professor of geology at the Illinois Industrial University (later renamed the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). After being homeschooled by his parents, Taft earned his bachelor's degree (1879) and master's degree (1880) at Illinois Industrial University.

After his master's degree, he left for Paris to study sculpture, attending the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts from 1880 to 1883, where he studied with Augustin Dumont, Jean-Marie Bonnassieux and Jules Thomas. His record there was outstanding; he was cited as "top man" in his studio and twice exhibited at the Salon.

Career

Sculptor and educator

Upon returning to the United States in 1886, Taft settled in Chicago. He taught at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago until 1929. In addition to work in clay and plaster, Taft taught his students marble carving, and had them work on group projects. He also lectured at the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois.^[2]

The Recording Angel, 1923

In 1892, while the art community of Chicago was preparing for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, chief architect Daniel Burnham expressed concern to Taft that the sculptural adornments to the buildings might not be finished on time. Taft asked if he could employ some of his female students as assistants (it was not socially accepted for women to work as sculptors at that time) for the Horticultural Building. Burnham responded, "Hire anyone, even white rabbits if they'll do the work." From that arose a group of talented women sculptors known as "the White Rabbits", which included Enid Yandell, Carol Brooks MacNeil, Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Janet Scudder, Julia Bracken, and Ellen Rankin Copp.

Later, another former student, Frances Loring, noted that Taft used his students' talents to further his own career, a not uncommon situation. In general, history has given Taft credit for helping to advance the status of women as sculptors.

Lectures and writings

As Taft grew older, his eloquence and compelling writing led him, along with Frederick Ruckstull, to the forefront of sculpture's conservative ranks, where he often served as a spokesperson against the modern and abstract trends that developed during his lifetime. Taft's frequent lecture tours for the Chautauqua gave him a broad, popular celebrity status.

Part of the Fountain of Creation (1933, unfinished), at the Library of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

In some settings, Taft is better known for his writings than for his sculpture. In 1903, Taft published The History of American Sculpture, the first survey of the subject. The revised 1925 version was to remain the standard reference on the subject until Wayne Craven published Sculpture in America in 1968. In 1921, Taft published Modern Tendencies in Sculpture, a compilation of his lectures given at the Art Institute of Chicago. At the time, it offered a distinct perspective on the development of European sculpture; today, the book continues to be regarded as an excellent survey of American sculpture in the early years of the 20th century.

Associations

In 1898, Taft was a founding member of the Eagle's Nest Art Colony in the small town of Oregon, Illinois. Taft designed the Columbus Fountain at Union Station in Washington, D.C., in collaboration with Daniel Burnham. Taft was a member of the National Academy of Design, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters; he headed the National Sculpture Society in the 1920s, exhibiting at both their 1923 and 1929 shows, and he served on the Board of Art Advisors of Illinois. He served on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1925 to 1929, and was an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. His papers reside in collections at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art, the University of Illinois, and the Art Institute of Chicago.^[3]

He maintained his connections with his alma mater throughout his life. (His association with the University is commemorated by a street named in his honor.) In 1929, he dedicated his sculpture Alma Mater on the University of Illinois campus. Taft envisioned his Alma Mater as a benign and magnificent woman, about 14 ft (4.3 m) high and dressed in classical draperies, rising from a throne and advancing a step forward with outstretched arms in a gesture of generous greeting to her children. Two figures behind her on either side represent the university’s motto, Learning and Labor.^[4]

Final years

Taft was active until the end of his life. The week before he died, he attended the Quincy, Illinois, dedication ceremonies for his sculpture celebrating the Lincoln-Douglas debates.^[1]

He received numerous awards, prizes, and honorary degrees.^{[citation needed]} In 1965, his Chicago workplace at 6016 Ingleside Avenue (originally relocating to a brick barn there in 1906) was designated a National Historic Landmark as Lorado Taft Midway Studios.^[2]

Sculptor's body of work

Taft may be best remembered for his various fountains.^{[citation needed]}

The University of Illinois Archives has a series of photographs of most of Lorado Taft's important works, including many of their construction and preliminary models.^[5]

Fountain of Time (1910–22), Midway Plaisance, Chicago, Illinois.

Following more than a dozen years of work, Taft's Fountain of Time was unveiled at the west end of Chicago's Midway Plaisance in 1922. Based on poet Austin Dobson's lines — "Time goes, you say? Ah no, Alas, time stays, we go." The fountain shows a cloaked figure of time observing the stream of humanity flowing past.

The Patriots (1932), Louisiana State Capitol, Baton Rouge.

The last major commission that Taft completed was two groups for the front entrance to the Louisiana State Capitol Building, dedicated in 1932.

He left unfinished a vast work to be called the Fountain of Creation which he planned to place at the opposite end of the Chicago Midway from the "Fountain of Time."^[6] Parts of this work were donated to the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and are now at the library and Foellinger Auditorium. The University named a dormitory and a street in Taft's honor.^[7]

Selected commissions

Lincoln the Lawyer (1929), Urbana, Illinois.

Eternal Silence (1909), Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.

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  LaFayette Fountain, Lafayette, Indiana, 1887.


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  Schuyler Colfax, University Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1887.


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  George Washington, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1905–09. Created for the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition.


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  Eternal Silence, Graves Memorial, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois, 1909.


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  Chief Paduke Statue, Jefferson Street, Paducah, Kentucky, 1909.


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  Black Hawk Statue Monument, aka Eternal Indian, Oregon, Illinois, 1911.


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  The Solitude of the Soul, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1911–14.


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  Columbus Fountain, in front of Union Station, Washington, D.C., 1912.


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  Fountain of the Great Lakes, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1913.


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  Seated Woman With Children aka Music, Chicago, Illinois, 1915


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  Thatcher Memorial Fountain, Denver, Colorado, 1918.


• Two Boys with Dolphins Fountain, Oregon, Illinois, ca. 1920.


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  Fountain of Time, Chicago, Illinois, 1922.


• William A. Foote Memorial, Woodland Cemetery, Jackson, Michigan, 1923.


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  Lincoln the Lawyer, Urbana, Illinois, 1927.


• Annie Louise Keller Memorial, White Hall, Illinois, 1929.


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  Alma Mater, University of Illinois, 1929.


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  Frances Elizabeth Willard (plaque), Indiana Statehouse, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1929.^[8]
  


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  The Crusader, Lawson Monument, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois, 1931.


• Two Groups: The Pioneers and The Patriots, Louisiana State Capitol, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1932.


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  Ontario Sends Greetings to the Sea, eleventh issue of the Society of Medalists, 1935.


• Bas-relief of Lincoln – Douglas Debate, Quincy, October 13, 1858, Quincy, Illinois, 1936.


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  Heald Square Monument (Robert Morris – George Washington – Haym Salomon), Chicago, Illinois, 1936–41. Completed by Leonard Crunelle, Nellie Walker and Fred Torrey following Taft's 1936 death.

War memorials

• 4th Michigan Infantry Monument, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 1889.


• General Ulysses S. Grant Monument, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1889.


• Student Veteran Memorial, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, 1895.


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  Defense of the Flag, Withington Park, Jackson, Michigan, 1904.


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  The Soldiers' Monument, Oregon, Illinois, 1916.

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  LaFayette Fountain (1887), Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Lafayette, Indiana.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Schuyler Colfax (1887), University Park, Indianapolis, Indiana.
  

  
  

  
  


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  4th Michigan Infantry Monument (1889), Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Defense of the Flag (1904), Jackson, Michigan.
  

  
  

  
  


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  George Washington (1905–09), University of Washington, Seattle.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Fountain of the Great Lakes (1907–13), Art Institute of Chicago.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Black Hawk Statue (1908–11), Lowden State Park, Oregon, Illinois.
  

  
  

  
  


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  The Solitude of the Soul (1911–14), Art Institute of Chicago.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Columbus Fountain (1912), Union Station, Washington, D.C.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Seated Woman With Children, (1915), Chicago Illinois
  

  
  

  
  


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  The Soldiers' Monument (1916), Oregon, Illinois.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Thatcher Memorial Fountain (1918), Denver, Colorado.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Two Boys with Dolphins (ca. 1920), Oregon, Illinois.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Taft's self-portrait on the Fountain of Time (1922), Chicago, Illinois.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Foote Memorial (1923), Jackson, Michigan.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Alma Mater (1929), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  

  
  

  
  


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  The Crusader (1931), Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Lincoln - Douglas Debate, Quincy, October 13, 1858. (1936), Quincy, Illinois.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Heald Square Monument (1936–41), Chicago, Illinois. Completed by Leonard Crunelle, Nellie Walker and Fred Torrey.
  

  
  

  
  

Students and assistants

During his long career Taft acted as a mentor and teacher for many sculptors including:

Notes

Additional sources

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  Bach, Ira; Lackritz Gray, Mary (1983). Chicago's Public Sculpture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  


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  Barnard, Harry (1971). This Great Triumvirate of Patriots – The inspiring story behind Lorado Taft's Chicago Monument to George Washington, Robert Morris and Haym Solomon. Chicago: Follett Publishing. ISBN 9780695802721.
  


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  Contemporary American Sculpture. The California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Lincoln Park, San Francisco: The National Sculpture Society. 1929.
  


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  Craven, Wayne (1968). Sculpture in America. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
  


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  "156th Street of Broadway New York". Exhibition of American Sculpture Catalogue. The National Sculpture Society. 1923.
  


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  Garvey, Timothy J. (1988). Public Sculptor – Lorado Taft and the Beautification of Chicago. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252015014.
  


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  Goode, James M. (1974). The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9780874741384.
  


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  Kubly, Vincent (1977). The Louisiana Capitol—Its Art and Architecture. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 9781455607730.
  


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  Kvaran, Einar Einarsson. Architectural Sculpture of America (unpublished manuscript)|format= requires |url= (help).
  


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  Lanctot, Barbara (1988). A Walk Through Graceland Cemetery. Chicago: Chicago Architecture Foundation.
  


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  Fielding, Mantle (1986). Opitz, Glenn B., ed. Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers. Poughkeepsie, New York: Apollo. ISBN 9780938290049.
  


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  Rubenstein, Charlotte Streifer (1990). American Women Sculptors. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co. ISBN 9780816187324.
  


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  Scheinman, Muriel (1995). A Guide to the Art of the University of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252064425.
  


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  Scherrer, Anton (18 April 1939). "Our Town". Indianapolis Times.
  


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  Taft, Lorado (1903). History of American Sculpture. New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 544.
  


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  Taft, Lorado (1921). Modern Tendencies in Sculpture. University of Chicago Press. p. 152.
  


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  Weller, Allen Stuart (1985). Lorado in Paris – the Letters of Lorado Taft 1880–1885. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252011078.
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lorado Taft.

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  Works by or about Lorado Taft at Internet Archive
  


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  Works by Lorado Taft at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  


• Lorado Taft Papers, 1857-1953 University of Illinois Archives


• The Ryerson & Burnham Libraries: Archives Collection: Lorado Taft Collection, 1908–1938


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  Descriptions and photographs of two works Defense of the Flag memorial and William A Foote memorial


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  American Art American City: Lorado Taft, Artbeat Chicago segment on WTTW's Chicago Tonight, May 15, 2008


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  Texts on Wikisource:
  
  
  
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    "Taft, Lorado" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1889.
    
  
  
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    "Taft, Lorado" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
    
  
  
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    "Taft, Lorado" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.