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York, Maine
Town
York Village in 1908
Seal
York, Maine Location within the state of Maine
Coordinates: 43°9′48″N 70°38′55″W / 43.16333°N 70.64861°W / 43.16333; -70.64861Coordinates: 43°9′48″N 70°38′55″W / 43.16333°N 70.64861°W / 43.16333; -70.64861
Country	United States
State	Maine
County	York
Incorporated	1652
Area [1]
• Total	131.78 sq mi (341.31 km2)
• Land	54.67 sq mi (141.59 km2)
• Water	77.11 sq mi (199.71 km2)
Elevation	190 ft (58 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total	12,529
• Estimate  (2012[3])	12,656
• Density	229.2/sq mi (88.5/km2)
Time zone	UTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code	03909
Area code(s)	207
FIPS code	23-87985
GNIS feature ID	0582832
Website	www.yorkmaine.org

York is a town in York County, Maine, United States, near the southern tip of the state. The population in the 2010 census was 12,529. Situated beside the Atlantic Ocean on the Gulf of Maine, York is a well-known summer resort town. It is home to three 18-hole golf clubs, four sandy beaches, and Mount Agamenticus. It includes the villages of York Village, York Harbor, York Beach and Cape Neddick.

York is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area.

History

The Old Gaol (Jail) in 1901

First settled by Europeans in 1624, the plantation was originally called Agamenticus, the Abenaki term for the York River. In 1638, settlers changed the name to Bristol after Bristol, England, from which they had immigrated. Envisioning a great city arising from the wilderness, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of Maine under the Plymouth patent, named the capital of his province Gorgeana. On March 1, 1642, by charter of King Charles I, Gorgeana became the first incorporated city in America.^[4]

Following Gorges' death, the Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed his dominion. In 1652, York, Massachusetts, was incorporated from a portion of Gorgeana, making it the second oldest town in Maine after Kittery, incorporated two years earlier. It was named for York, England. But control of the region was contested between New England and New France, which incited Native Americans to attack English settlements throughout the French and Indian Wars.^[4]

Sewall's Map of York, Maine, 1794

The first Congregational church of York was organized in 1672, by Rev. Shubael Dummer,^[5] the son of Richard Dummer and uncle to William Dummer, who became acting governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

During King William's War, York was destroyed in the Candlemas Massacre of 1692. During the raid by the Abenakis, Dummer was shot at his own front door. About 50 others were slain and near 100 carried away captive, among them Dummer's wife, Lydia, and their son, where "through snows and hardships among those dragons of the desert she also quickly died"; nothing further was heard of the boy.^[6]

The final local Indian attack occurred at the Cape Neddick area during Dummer's War in 1723. Hostilities diminished with the French defeat at the Siege of Louisbourg (1745), and ceased altogether with the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

Trading center

As provincial capital and site of the Royal Gaol (Jail), York prospered. Numerous wharves and warehouses serviced trade with the West Indies. Agricultural products and lumber were shipped in exchange for sugar, molasses and other commodities. One notable merchant was John Hancock, whose establishment is now a museum.^[7] Following the Revolution, however, President Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807 crippled trade. York, bereft of status as capitol, would not again be prosperous until after the Civil War, when its sea breezes and colonial charm, including old homes like the John Sedgley Homestead, attracted tourists.^[8]

Present day

Like Bar Harbor and Newport, Rhode Island, York became a fashionable summer resort, and retains many distinctive examples of Gilded Age architecture, particularly in the Shingle Style. A cluster of historic buildings in the center of York Village are maintained as museums by the Old York Historical Society.

The Yorks

Cape Neddick Light

• York Village — including the historic structures and upscale shops


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  York Harbor — with a number of elegant inns, historic homes and large estates


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  York Beach — with popular attractions such as arcades, souvenir shops and stores


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  Cape Neddick — mainly residences

During summer months, summer residents and tourists (chiefly families) throng Short Sands Beach, which is in the district of York Beach itself, as well as Long Sands Beach, the town's longest with more than a mile of sand stretching between York Beach and York Harbor. Dozens of five-star hotels and other accommodations operate in the York Beach area, although most close after summer.

Many spots throughout The Yorks have picturesque views of the famous Cape Neddick Light at Nubble Rock, which has figured in both artists' work and souvenirs of the Maine coast. Visible in clear weather is the 133 foot (40 meter) tall Boon Island Light on Boon Island, located 6.2 miles (10.0 km) off York. Old-fashioned restaurants, like the Goldenrod, maintain the historic character of the York Beach area.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 131.78 square miles (341.31 km²), of which, 54.67 square miles (141.59 km²) of it is land and 77.11 square miles (199.71 km²) is water.^[1] The York watershed drains into the York River. The highest point in town is Mount Agamenticus, with an elevation of 692 feet (211 meters) above sea level. An automobile road travels to the summit, where miles of hiking, biking and horse-riding trails are available. The lowest point in town is sea level, along the coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. York lies about 44 miles (71 km) south of Portland, 98 miles (158 km) south of Augusta, and 65 miles (105 km) north of Boston.

Government

York Town Hall

York has a council-manager form of government.

Voter registration

32.61% Republican, 23.44% Democrat, 0.9% Green, 43.05% Unenrolled.^[9][10]

Education

Passaconaway Inn in York Cliffs c. 1910

York School Department receives the largest portion (69%) of the town's budget. The town of York supports 2,000 students in four schools. Village Elementary School serves grades K-2. Coastal Ridge Elementary School provides education for grades 2-4. York Middle School serves students in grades 5-8, and York High School serves students in grades 9-12. Adult education is also available to York residents.

Demographics

The Square, Short Sands Beach at York Beach, c. 1915

See Cape Neddick, Maine and York Harbor, Maine for demographic information compiled for the respective villages.

2010 census

As of the census^[2] of 2010, there were 12,529 people, 5,440 households, and 3,601 families residing in the town. The population density was 229.2 inhabitants per square mile (88.5/km²). There were 8,649 housing units at an average density of 158.2 per square mile (61.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.

There were 5,440 households of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.8% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.82.

The median age in the town was 49.3 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.1% were from 25 to 44; 36.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census

As of the census^[14] of 2000, there were 12,854 people, 5,235 households, and 3,690 families residing in the town. The population density was 234.1 people per square mile (90.4/km²). There were 8,053 housing units at an average density of 146.7 per square mile (56.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.36% White, 0.25% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 5,235 households out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the town, the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $64,000, and the median income for a family was $73,400. Males had a median income of $49,415 versus $31,743 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,895. About 1.3% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.7% of those 65 and older.

Sites of interest

York's Civil War monument

• Cape Neddick Lighthouse (Nubble Light)


• 
  John Sedgley Homestead, c. 1695


• York's Wild Kingdom^[15]
  


• The Goldenrod


• Short Sands Beach


• Mount Agamenticus

Civil War monument

A granite monument depicting a Civil War soldier was erected in 1906 at a traffic triangle in York Village.^[16] It has been suggested by some that his uniform appears to be incorrect for a Union soldier, as he wears a brimmed fedora and goatee; some local tour guides claim that the uniform is actually Confederate.^[16] Another explanation is that either the sculptor, Englishman Frederick Barnicoat, or designer John Staples, mistakenly depicted a uniform from the time of the Spanish–American War.^[16] It is also possible that the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment did wear a similar uniform.^[16]

Notable people

Several famous American authors have been known to spend their summer months in York, including Mark Twain.^[17]

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  Spencer Albee, musician


• 
  Emerson Baker, historian, author


• 
  Christopher Cassidy, NASA astronaut


• 
  Richard Foerster, poet


• 
  Tim Janis, musician


• 
  Barbara Marois, Olympic field hockey player


• 
  Rufus McIntire, US congressman


• 
  Jeremiah Moulton, colonial officer, judge


• 
  Alvah T. Ramsdell, architect


• 
  Duncan Robinson, basketball player


• 
  Neil Rolde, state legislator and Maine historian


• 
  May Sarton, writer


• 
  George Thatcher, state judge, US congressman


• 
  Windol Weaver, state legislator

Gallery

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  Taylor Cottage in 1913
  

  
  

  
  


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  The Wahnita in 1913
  

  
  

  
  


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  York Beach in 1906
  

  
  

  
  


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  Chase's Pond in 1910
  

  
  

  
  


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  Research Center at Old York
  

  
  

  
  


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  1834 Remick Barn (behind) and Old Schoolhouse (in front)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Emerson Wilcox House, 1742, Georgian style, served as a store, a post office and a tavern over time.
  

  
  

  
  


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  First Parish Church
  

  
  

  
  

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to York, Maine.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for York (Maine).

• Town of York official website


• York Public Library


• Old York Historical Society


• York School Department


• Boon Island Lighthouse


• Cape Neddick Lighthouse (Nubble Light)


• Maine Genealogy: York, York County, Maine