直隸州

Multi tool use
提示:本条目的主题不是
直隸或
直隸省。
直隸州,中國明代、清代時的行政区划。在明朝時,與府同級,受省(承宣布政使司)管轄,兩者之下管轄縣,但明代的府也會管「散州」(此為延續元制),而明代散州底下仍可轄縣。所以明代的地方行政制度究竟是「三級制」還是「四級制」尚有爭議。
清朝行政區劃制度中,直隸州在省之下,與府和直隸廳同級。就層級而言,直隸州與府的等級很接近,其知州、州同、州判等官員的品級也都與府官接近,且府和直隸州都轄縣(但不是所有直隸州都轄縣,如福建台灣省臺東直隸州就不轄縣),但直隸廳則多數都不管轄縣。
清朝制度規定,直隸州、散州州衙所在地本身為州直轄地,不設縣份,但可管鄰縣。譬如,清代雍正十一年(1733年),昇廣東省潮州府程乡县為嘉應直隸州,此時,原有的程鄉縣就必須裁撤,成為州衙的直轄地,而长乐县(今五华縣)、兴宁县、平远县、镇平县(今蕉岭縣)四縣劃歸嘉應州管轄。以此類推清朝全國內地各省的其他直隸州,也是如此。
清代直隸州可稱為「某直隸州」(為與散州相區別),亦可徑稱為「某州」。
1912年,直隸州制度廢除,則原有州直轄地須設新縣。一般是直接把“州”字改成“縣”字,作為新縣名。前述之嘉應州則較特殊,是先在1911年辛亥革命後恢復古稱梅州,1912年州直轄地改為梅縣。
參考文獻
- 孫文良,中國官制史,1993年,台北,文津出版社。
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