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The Jacksonville Consolidation was the city-county consolidation of the governments of the City of Jacksonville and Duval County, Florida. It was effected on October 1, 1968.

Background

Through the 1960s, Jacksonville, like most other large cities in the US, suffered from the effects of urban sprawl, including corruption scandals. A grand jury indicted 11 officials on 142 counts of bribery and larceny including:

• 4 of 9 city councilmen


• 2 of 5 city commissioners


• the city auditor


• executive secretary of city recreation department


• 1 of 5 county commissioners


• the county purchasing agent

The city tax assessor took the Fifth Amendment, refused to testify, and resigned.^[1][2]

Yates Manifesto

Claude Yates had recently retired as Vice President and General Manager of Southern Bell in Jacksonville and been named president of the Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce in 1964 when all 15 public high schools lost their accreditation. On January 19, 1965 Yates called a lunch meeting of the chamber at the Robert Meyer Hotel to decide on a course of action. Those individuals who attended included Glenn Marshall Jr., Roger L. Main, W.S. Johnson, Charles W. Campbell, Gert H.W. Schmidt, Edward Ball, C.G. Whittaker, Luke Sadler, B.D. Fincannon, George B. Hills, Jacob F. Bryan III, B.N. Nimnicht,
James R. Stockton Sr., J.T. Lane, J.H. Coppedge, Gen. Maxwell Snyder, Harold Meyerheim, Joseph W. Davin, Thompson S. Baker, Richard Lewinson, Henry M. French and S. Kendrick Guernsey.^[3] The date was significant because it was the deadline for submitting requests for the upcoming legislative session. At the time, the legislature only met for sixty days every other year. The aforementioned prominent business and civic leaders signed a 45-word petition to the Duval legislative delegation of Senator John E. Mathews and Representative Fred Schultz, that would later be dubbed the "Yates Manifesto".^[4] It stated:

We, the undersigned, respectfully request the Duval County Delegation to the Florida Legislature to prepare an enabling act calling for the citizens of Duval County to vote on the consolidation of government within Duval to secure more efficient and effective government under one governmental body.

Commission established

In response, the 1965 Florida Legislature created the Local Government Study Commission (LGSC).^[5] The legislature chose J. J. Daniel as chairman to design a new government and write its charter. Daniel was known, according to The Florida Times, for his "powerful personality, unquestioned integrity, strong leadership and history of civic involvement."^[6]Lex Hester was hired as the executive director of the LGSC. He was the "key architect of Jacksonville's consolidated government", transition coordinator and chief administrative officer following consolidation.^[7]
Claude Yates was among the 50 business and civic leaders invited to participate; elected officials and government employees were intentionally excluded. On October 1, 1965 the commission was established and given until May 1, 1967 to complete their work. In January, 1967, after 15 months of effort and three months ahead of schedule, the LGSC submitted a consolidation proposal entitled, Blueprint for Improvement.^[8]
The legislative delegation altered the plan slightly to make it more appealing and ordered it to be placed on a referendum in 1967.^[9]

Plan promotion

Claude Yates also helped promote the government merger plan. Yates led the Citizens for Better Government committee, which successfully disseminated information about the advantages of consolidation to voters who had consistently defeated consolidation referendums since 1935.^[9] Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government. Other significant individuals that supported consolidation included:

• 
  Earl M. Johnson, a lawyer, served as secretary of the LGSC. Johnson, the first black member of the Jacksonville Bar Association, was otherwise notable at the time for his involvement with Thurgood Marshall and Constance Baker Motley in suing the School Board on behalf of the NAACP in 1960.^[10]
  


• 
  Sallye B. Mathis, a retired teacher, dean and civic activist "became one of two black women elected to the old City Council in 1967", along with Mary Li. Singleton, "the first blacks to do so in 60 years."^[10] She supported the consolidation as more efficient.


• 
  W.E. "Ted" Grissett was vice chairman of the Local Government Study Commission. He went on to become the first City Council president under consolidation.


• 
  Mary L. Singleton was a teacher and restaurant owner who was elected to the old City Council in 1967 with Sallye B. Mathis. Singleton was initially opposed to consolidation, but changed her mind and was influential among the black community. She was elected without opposition to the new consolidated City Council, and "became the first black and the first woman to be elected to the Florida Legislature from North Florida since Reconstruction."^[10] She died at age 54 in 1980.


• 
  Gert H.W. Schmidt was a German-born immigrant and Jacksonville business executive on the executive committee of the Local Government Study Commission. He also served on the Florida Board of Regents and was board chairman of the Jacksonville branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.^[10]
  

Results

Duval county voters approved the consolidation referendum 54,493 - 29,768 on August 8, 1967^[11] but the old government did not go quietly. A lawsuit was filed by a few elected officials contesting consolidation because their term in office would be shortened and they would be required to face re-election after one year in office. Other elected officials attempted to pass zoning changes or sign long-term government contracts for their cronies.^[1]

After a year of transition, the consolidated government went into effect on October 1, 1968. Jacksonville celebrated with a parade and fireworks that attracted 200,000 spectators. Hans Tanzler, elected mayor of Jacksonville the year before, became the first mayor of the consolidated government. Jacksonville became the largest city (by population) in Florida and the 13th largest in the United States. According to the Jacksonville Historical Society, the city "became the largest city in land area in the entire world", a distinction it eventually yielded to Juneau, Alaska.^[11] All land in Duval County is considered part of Jacksonville except the four independent municipalities of Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach and Baldwin, although residents of these towns vote in city elections and are eligible for other services. Jacksonville became the second consolidated government in the state of Florida and one of ten in the nation.^[11]

See also

• Timeline of Jacksonville, Florida

References

Further reading

• Richard A. Martin. Consolidation, Jacksonville, Duval County: The Dynamics of Urban Political Reform. Jacksonville, FL: Crawford Publishing, 1969.


• 
  James B. Crooks (2004). Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2708-1..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
  


• 
  Milan J. Dluhy (2010). "What difference does city-county consolidation make?: a historical analysis of Jacksonville and Tampa, Florida". In Suzanne M. Leland; Kurt Thurmaier. City-County Consolidation: Promises Made, Promises Kept?. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 1-58901-622-X.
  

External links

• Jacksonville Historical Society: Consolidation