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Louisa May Alcott
Alcott at about age 25
Born	(1832-11-29)November 29, 1832 Germantown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	March 6, 1888(1888-03-06) (aged 55) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Pen name	A. M. Barnard
Occupation	Novelist
Period	American Civil War
Genre	Prose, poetry
Subject	Young adult fiction
Notable works	Little Women
Signature

Louisa May Alcott (/ˈɔːlkət, -kɒt/; November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886).^[1] Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Alcott's family suffered from financial difficulties, and while she worked to help support the family from an early age, she also sought an outlet in writing. She began to receive critical success for her writing in the 1860s. Early in her career, she sometimes used the pen name A. M. Barnard, under which she wrote novels for young adults that focused on spies, revenge, and crossdressers.

Published in 1868, Little Women is set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House, in Concord, Massachusetts, and is loosely based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her three sisters. The novel was very well received and is still a popular children's novel today, filmed several times.

Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist and remained unmarried throughout her life. She died from a stroke, two days after her father died, in Boston on March 6, 1888.

Early life

Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832,^[1] in Germantown,^[1] which is now part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on her father's 33rd birthday. She was the daughter of transcendentalist and educator Amos Bronson Alcott and social worker Abby May and the second of four daughters: Anna Bronson Alcott was the eldest; Elizabeth Sewall Alcott and Abigail May Alcott were the two youngest. The family moved to Boston in 1834,^[2] where Alcott's father established an experimental school and joined the Transcendental Club with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Bronson Alcott's opinions on education and tough views on child-rearing shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to achieve perfection, a goal of the transcendentalists.^[3] His attitudes towards Alcott's wild and independent behavior, and his inability to provide for his family, created conflict between Bronson Alcott and his wife and daughters.^[3][4]

External video

Tour of Orchard House, June 19, 2017, C-SPAN

In 1840, after several setbacks with the school, the Alcott family moved to a cottage on 2 acres (0.81 ha) of land, situated along the Sudbury River in Concord, Massachusetts. The three years they spent at the rented Hosmer Cottage were described as idyllic.^[5] By 1843, the Alcott family moved, along with six other members of the Consociate Family,^[3] to the Utopian Fruitlands community for a brief interval in 1843–1844. After the collapse of the Utopian Fruitlands, they moved on to rented rooms and finally, with Abigail May Alcott's inheritance and financial help from Emerson, they purchased a homestead in Concord. They moved into the home they named "Hillside" on April 1, 1845, but moved in 1852, selling to Nathaniel Hawthorne who renamed it The Wayside. Moving 22 times in 30 years, the Alcotts returned to Concord once again in 1857 and moved into Orchard House, a two-story clapboard farmhouse, in the spring of 1858.

Louisa May Alcott

Alcott's early education included lessons from the naturalist Henry David Thoreau who inspired her to write Thoreau's Flute based on her time at Walden's Pond. Most of the education she received though, came from her father who was strict and believed in "the sweetness of self-denial."^[3] She also received some instruction from writers and educators such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Julia Ward Howe, all of whom were family friends. She later described these early years in a newspaper sketch entitled "Transcendental Wild Oats." The sketch was reprinted in the volume Silver Pitchers (1876), which relates the family's experiment in "plain living and high thinking" at Fruitlands.^[6]

Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as a teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her sisters also supported the family, working as seamstresses, while their mother took on social work among the Irish immigrants. Only the youngest, May, was able to attend public school. Due to all of these pressures, writing became a creative and emotional outlet for Alcott.^[3] Her first book was Flower Fables (1849), a selection of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson.^[6] Alcott is quoted as saying "I wish I was rich, I was good, and we were all a happy family this day"^[7] and was driven in life not to be poor.

In 1847, she and her family served as station masters on the Underground Railroad, when they housed a fugitive slave for one week and had discussions with Frederick Douglass.^[8] Alcott read and admired the "Declaration of Sentiments", published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights, advocating for women's suffrage and became the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts in a school board election.^[9] The 1850s were hard times for the Alcotts, and in 1854 Louisa found solace at the Boston Theatre where she wrote The Rival Prima Donnas, which she later burned due to a quarrel between the actresses on who would play what role. At one point in 1857, unable to find work and filled with such despair, Alcott contemplated suicide. During that year, she read Elizabeth Gaskell's biography of Charlotte Brontë and found many parallels to her own life.^{[citation needed]} In 1858, her younger sister Elizabeth died, and her older sister Anna married a man named John Pratt. This felt, to Alcott, to be a breaking up of their sisterhood.^[3]

Literary success

Louisa May Alcott

As an adult, Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist. In 1860, Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly. When the American Civil War broke out, she served as a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, DC, for six weeks in 1862–1863.^[6] She intended to serve three months as a nurse, but halfway through she contracted typhoid and became deathly ill, though she eventually recovered. Her letters home—revised and published in the Boston anti-slavery paper Commonwealth and collected as Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with additions in 1869)^[6]—brought her first critical recognition for her observations and humor.^[10] She wrote about the mismanagement of hospitals and the indifference and callousness of some of the surgeons she encountered. Her main character, Tribulation Periwinkle, showed a passage from innocence to maturity and is a "serious and eloquent witness".^[3] Her novel Moods (1864), based on her own experience, was also promising.^[11]

In the mid-1860s, Alcott wrote passionate, fiery novels and sensational stories under the nom de plume A. M. Barnard. Among these are A Long Fatal Love Chase and Pauline's Passion and Punishment. Her protagonists for these books are strong and smart. She also produced stories for children, and after they became popular, she did not go back to writing for adults. Other books she wrote are the novelette A Modern Mephistopheles (1875), which people thought Julian Hawthorne wrote, and the semi-autobiographical novel Work (1873).

Alcott became even more successful with the first part of Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868), a semi-autobiographical account of her childhood with her sisters in Concord, Massachusetts, published by the Roberts Brothers. Part two, or Part Second, also known as Good Wives (1869), followed the March sisters into adulthood and marriage. Little Men (1871) detailed Jo's life at the Plumfield School that she founded with her husband Professor Bhaer at the conclusion of Part Two of Little Women. Jo's Boys (1886) completed the "March Family Saga".

Louisa May Alcott commemorative stamp, 1940 issue

In Little Women, Alcott based her heroine "Jo" on herself. But whereas Jo marries at the end of the story, Alcott remained single throughout her life. She explained her "spinsterhood" in an interview with Louise Chandler Moulton, "I am more than half-persuaded that I am a man's soul put by some freak of nature into a woman's body ... because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit with any man." However, Alcott's romance while in Europe with the young Polish man Ladislas "Laddie" Wisniewski was detailed in her journals but then deleted by Alcott herself before her death.^[12][13] Alcott identified Laddie as the model for Laurie in Little Women.^[14] Likewise, every character seems to be paralleled to some extent, from Beth's death mirroring Lizzie's to Jo's rivalry with the youngest, Amy, as Alcott felt a sort of rivalry for (Abigail) May, at times.^[15][16] Though Alcott never married, she did take in May's daughter, Louisa, after May's death in 1879 from childbed fever, caring for little "Lulu" until her death.^[17]

Little Women was well received, with critics and audiences finding it suitable for many age groups. A reviewer of Eclectic Magazine called it "the very best of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty".^[18] It was a fresh, natural representation of daily life. With the success of Little Women, Alcott shied away from the attention and would sometimes act as a servant when fans would come to her house.

Louisa May Alcott's grave in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.

Along with Elizabeth Stoddard, Rebecca Harding Davis, Anne Moncure Crane, and others, Alcott was part of a group of female authors during the Gilded Age, who addressed women's issues in a modern and candid manner. Their works were, as one newspaper columnist of the period commented, "among the decided 'signs of the times'".^[19]

Later years

After her youngest sister May died in 1879, Louisa took over for the care of niece, Lulu, who was named after Louisa. Alcott suffered chronic health problems in her later years,^[20] including vertigo.^[21] She and her earliest biographers^[22] attributed her illness and death to mercury poisoning. During her American Civil War service, Alcott contracted typhoid fever and was treated with a compound containing mercury.^[13][20] Recent analysis of Alcott's illness, however, suggests that her chronic health problems may have been associated with an autoimmune disease, not mercury exposure. Moreover, a late portrait of Alcott shows a rash on her cheeks, which is a characteristic of lupus.^[20][22]

Alcott died of a stroke at age 55 in Boston, on March 6, 1888,^[21] two days after her father's death. Lulu, her niece was only 8 years old when Louisa died. Louisa's last known words were "Is it not meningitis?"^[23] She is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, near Emerson, Hawthorne, and Thoreau, on a hillside now known as "Authors' Ridge".^[24]

Louisa frequently wrote in her journals about going on runs up until she died. She challenged the social norms regarding gender by encouraging her young female readers to run as well.^[25][26]

Her Boston home is featured on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.^[27] Her childhood home Orchard House is now a museum that pays homage to Louisa May Alcott and her family that focuses on education. In addition, Harriet Reisen wrote Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind "Little Women" which later became a film that was directed by Nancy Porter and aired on PBS television. In 1996 Alcott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[28]

Selected works

Bust of Louisa May Alcott

The "Little Women" trilogy

• 
  Little Women or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868)

There is a Part Second of Little Women, also known as "Good Wives", published in 1869; and afterward published together with Little Women.

• 
  Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys (1871)


• 
  Jo's Boys and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men" (1886)

Novels

• 
  The Inheritance (1849, unpublished until 1997)


• 
  Moods (1865, revised 1882)


• 
  The Mysterious Key and What It Opened (1867)


• 
  An Old Fashioned Girl (1870)


• 
  Will's Wonder Book (1870)


• 
  Work: A Story of Experience (1873)


• 
  Beginning Again, Being a Continuation of Work (1875)


• 
  Eight Cousins or The Aunt-Hill (1875)


• 
  Rose in Bloom: A Sequel to Eight Cousins (1876)


• 
  Under the Lilacs (1878)


• 
  Jack and Jill: A Village Story (1880)


• 
  Proverb Stories (1882)

As A. M. Barnard

• 
  Behind a Mask, or a Woman's Power (1866)


• 
  The Abbot's Ghost, or Maurice Treherne's Temptation (1867)


• 
  A Long Fatal Love Chase (1866; first published 1995)

Published anonymously

• 
  A Modern Mephistopheles (1877)

Short story collections for children

• 
  Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag (1872–1882). (66 short stories in six volumes)
  
  
  
  • 1. Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag
    
  
  
  • 2. Shawl-Straps
    
  
  
  • 3. Cupid and Chow-Chow
    
  
  
  • 4. My Girls, Etc.
    
  
  
  • 5. Jimmy's Cruise in the Pinafore, Etc.
    
  
  
  • 6. An Old-Fashioned Thanksgiving, Etc.
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Lulu's Library (1886–1889) A collection of 32 short stories in three volumes.


• 
  Flower Fables (1849)


• 
  On Picket Duty, and other tales (1864)


• 
  Morning-Glories and Other Stories (1867) Eight fantasy stories and four poems for children, including: *A Strange Island, (1868); * The Rose Family: A Fairy Tale (1864), A Christmas Song, Morning Glories, Shadow-Children, Poppy's Pranks, What the Swallows did, Little Gulliver, The Whale's story, Goldfin and Silvertail.


• 
  Kitty's Class Day and Other Stories (Three Proverb Stories), 1868, (includes "Kitty's Class Day", "Aunt Kipp" and "Psyche's Art")


• 
  Spinning-Wheel Stories* (1884). A collection of 12 short stories.


• 
  The Candy Country (1885) (One short story)


• 
  May Flowers (1887) (One short story)


• 
  Mountain-Laurel and Maidenhair (1887) (One short story)


• 
  A Garland for Girls (1888). A collection of eight short stories.


• 
  The Brownie and the Princess (2004). A collection of ten short stories.

Other short stories and novelettes

• 
  Thoreau's Flute (1863)


• 
  Hospital Sketches (1863)


• Pauline's Passion and Punishment


• 
  Perilous Play, (1869)(One short story)


• Lost in a Pyramid, or the Mummy's Curse


• 
  Transcendental Wild Oats (1873) A Short story about Alcott's family and the Transcendental Movement.


• 
  Silver Pitchers, and Independence: A Centennial Love Story" (1876)


• 
  Comic Tragedies (1893 [posthumously]

In popular culture

• 1933: Little Women, a movie version of the novel.


• 1934: Little Men, a movie version of the novel.


• 1940: Little Men, a movie version of the novel.


• 1949: Little Women, a movie version of the novel.


• 1949: An Old-Fashioned Girl, a movie version of novel.


• 1958: Little Women, a series based on the novel.


• 1970: Little Women, a series based on the novel.


• 1978: Little Women, a movie version of the novel.


• 1981: Little Women, an anime based on the novel.


• 1987: Tales of Little Women, an anime based on Little Women.


• 1994: Little Women, a movie version of the novel.


• 1997: The Inheritance, a movie version of the novel, which was posthumously published for the first time that year.


• 1998: Little Men, a movie version of the novel.


• 1998: Little Men, a T.V. show based on the novel.


• 2008: An Old Fashioned Thanksgiving, a movie based on the short story.


• 2009: American Masters, PBS, episode Louisa May Alcott – The Woman Behind 'Little Women'


• 2016: Google Doodle created by Google artist Sophie Diao.^[29]
  


• 2017: Little Women, a miniseries of the novel.


• 2018: Little Women, a movie version of the novel, set in modern times.


• 2019: Little Women, a movie version of the novel.

References

Bibliography

• 
  Shealy, Daniel, ed. (2005). Alcott in Her Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of Her Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends and Associates. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-938-X.
  

Further reading

• 
  Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury; Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau: Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6461-7.
  


• 
  Eiselein, Gregory and Anne K. Phillips (eds.) (2001). The Louisa May Alcott Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press; online in ebrary, also available in print ed. ISBN 0-313-30896-9. OCLC 44174106.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
  

• Elbert, Sarah. A Hunger for Home: Louisa May Alcott and Little Women (Temple UP, 1984).


• 
  LaPlante, Eve (2012). Marmee & Louisa: The Untold Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Mother. Free Press. ISBN 1-451-62066-7.
  


• 
  Larson, Rebecca D. (1997). White roses: stories of Civil War nurses. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications. ISBN 1577470117. OCLC 38981206.
  

• 
  MacDonald, Ruth K. (1983). Louisa May Alcott. Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-7397-5.
  


• 
  Matteson, John (2007). Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05964-9.
  


• 
  Meigs, Cornelia (1968). Invincible Louisa : the Story of the Author of Little Women. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316565943.
  


• 
  Myerson, Joel; Shealy, Daniel; Stern, Madeleine B. (1987). The Selected Letters of Louisa May Alcott. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-59361-3.
  


• 
  Myerson, Joel; Shealy, Daniel; Stern, Madeleine B. (1989). The Journals of Louisa May Alcott. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-59362-1.
  


• Paolucci, Stefano. Da Piccole donne a Piccoli uomini: Louisa May Alcott ai Colli Albani, "Castelli Romani," LVII, n. 6, nov.-dec. 2017, pp. 163–175.


• 
  Reisen, Harriet. Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind 'Little Women'. ISBN 0-805-08299-9. OCLC 316514238.
  


• 
  Saxton, Martha (1977). Louisa May: A Modern Biography of Louisa May Alcott. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-25720-4.
  

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Louisa May Alcott

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Louisa May Alcott

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisa May Alcott.

External video

Presentation by Harriet Reisen on Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women, November 12, 2009, C-SPAN

Sources

• 
  Works by Louisa May Alcott at Project Gutenberg
  


• 
  Works by Louisa May Alcott at Project Gutenberg Australia
  


• 
  Works by or about Louisa May Alcott at Internet Archive
  


• 
  Works by Louisa May Alcott at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  


• 
  Works by Louisa May Alcott at Online Books Page
  


• 
  Index entry for Louisa May Alcott at Poets' Corner
  


• 
  Bibliography (including primary works and information on secondary literature – critical essays, theses and dissertations)

Archival Materials

• 
  Guide to Louisa May Alcott papers, MS Am 800.23 at Houghton Library, Harvard University


• 
  Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1839–1888, MS Am 2114 at Houghton Library, Harvard University


• 
  Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1845–1945, MS Am 1817 at Houghton Library, Harvard University


• 
  Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1849–1887, MS Am 1130.13 at Houghton Library, Harvard University


• 
  Guide to Louisa May Alcott papers, MSS 503 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University


• 
  Madeline B. Stern Papers on Louisa May Alcott, MSS 3953 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

Other

• 
  The Louisa May Alcott Society A scholarly organization devoted to her life and works.


• 
  Louisa May Alcott, the real woman who wrote Little Women. Documentary materials.


• Obituary, New York Times, March 7, 1888, Louisa M. Alcott Dead
  


• 
  Minneapolis Tribune, March 7, 1888, OBITUARY: Miss Louisa M. Alcott
  


• 
  Encyclopædia Britannica, Louisa May Alcott


• 
  Louisa May Alcott's Orchard House Louisa May Alcott's Orchard House historic site in Concord, MA.


• Norwood, Arlisha. "Louisa Alcott". National Women's History Museum. 2017.


• Matteson, J. (November 2009). Little Woman; The devilish, dutiful daughter Louisa May Alcott. Humanities, 30(6), 1–6.


• Louisa May Alcotts Orchard House. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://www.louisamayalcott.org/&p=DevEx,5066.1


• Hooper, E. (September 23, 2017). Louisa May Alcott: A Difficult Woman Who Got Things Done. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://lithub.com/louisa-may-alcott-a-difficult-woman-who-got-things-done/


• Powell, K. (n.d.). Louisa May Alcott Family Tree and Genealogy – ThoughtCo.. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://www.thoughtco.com/ancestry-of-louisa-may-alcott-1421899&p=DevEx,5070.1


• Louisa M. Alcott Dead – archive.nytimes.com. (March 7, 1888). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1129.html&p=DevEx,5066.1


• Alcott: 'Not The Little Woman You Thought She Was'. (December 28, 2009). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121831612


• Raga, S. (November 29, 2017). 10 Little Facts About Louisa May Alcott. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/89228/10-little-facts-about-louisa-may-alcott