Roubaix








Commune in Hauts-de-France, France












































































Roubaix
Commune

The city hall
The city hall


Coat of arms of Roubaix
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Probitas et Industria


Location of Roubaix







Roubaix is located in France

Roubaix

Roubaix




Show map of France



Roubaix is located in Hauts-de-France

Roubaix

Roubaix




Show map of Hauts-de-France

Coordinates: 50°41′24″N 3°10′54″E / 50.6901°N 3.18167°E / 50.6901; 3.18167Coordinates: 50°41′24″N 3°10′54″E / 50.6901°N 3.18167°E / 50.6901; 3.18167
Country France
Region Hauts-de-France
Department Nord
Arrondissement Lille
Canton
Roubaix-1
Roubaix-2
Intercommunality Métropole Européenne de Lille
Government

 • Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}
(2014–2020)
Guillaume Delbar
Area
1

 13.23 km2 (5.11 sq mi)
Population
(2015)2

 96,077
 • Density 7,300/km2 (19,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Roubaisian (en)
Roubaisien(ne) (fr)
Time zone
UTC+01:00 (CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2))
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+02:00 (CEST)

INSEE/Postal code

59512 /59100
Elevation 17–52 m (56–171 ft)
(avg. 35 m or 115 ft)
Website
www.ville-roubaix.fr (in French)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Roubaix (French pronunciation: ​[ʁubɛ], Dutch: Robaais) is a city in Northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area. It is a historically mono-industrial commune[1] in the Nord department, which grew rapidly in the 19th century from its textile industries, with most of the same characteristic features as those of English and American boom towns.[2][3] This former new town has faced many challenges linked to deindustrialisation such as urban decay,[4] with their related economic and social implications, since its major industries fell into decline by the middle of the 1970s. Located to the northeast of Lille, adjacent to Tourcoing, Roubaix is the chef-lieu of two cantons and the third largest city in the French region of Hauts-de-France ranked by population with nearly 96,000 inhabitants.


Together with the nearby cities of Lille, Tourcoing, Villeneuve-d'Ascq and eighty-six other communes,[5] Roubaix gives structure to a four-centred metropolitan area inhabited by more than 1.1 million people: the European Metropolis of Lille.[6][7][8] To a greater extent, Roubaix is in the center of a vast conurbation formed with the Belgian cities of Mouscron, Kortrijk and Tournai, which gave birth to the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation in January 2008, Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai with an aggregate over 2 million inhabitants.[9]




Contents






  • 1 Geography and environment


    • 1.1 Location


    • 1.2 Geology


    • 1.3 Hydrology


    • 1.4 Climate


    • 1.5 Environment




  • 2 Toponymy


  • 3 History


  • 4 Heraldry


  • 5 People


    • 5.1 Demographics


    • 5.2 Languages


    • 5.3 Religion


      • 5.3.1 Judaism


      • 5.3.2 Islam


      • 5.3.3 Buddhism






  • 6 Urbanism


    • 6.1 Urban geography




  • 7 Administrative and political affairs


    • 7.1 Constituencies and cantons


    • 7.2 Administrative zoning


      • 7.2.1 Eastern district neighbourhoods


      • 7.2.2 Western district neighbourhoods


      • 7.2.3 Central district neighbourhoods


      • 7.2.4 Northern district neighbourhoods


      • 7.2.5 Southern district neighbourhoods




    • 7.3 Mayors of the city


    • 7.4 International relations




  • 8 Landmarks


    • 8.1 Secular buildings


    • 8.2 Sacral buildings


    • 8.3 Sculptures and memorials


    • 8.4 Museum




  • 9 Culture


    • 9.1 Painting


    • 9.2 Museums


    • 9.3 Theatre and performing arts centres


    • 9.4 Cinema


    • 9.5 Fashion


    • 9.6 Festivals




  • 10 Education


    • 10.1 Primary and secondary education


    • 10.2 Higher-education


    • 10.3 Libraries




  • 11 Sport


  • 12 Economy


    • 12.1 Textile industry


    • 12.2 Commerce and services


    • 12.3 Information technology and e-business




  • 13 Infrastructure


    • 13.1 Transportation


    • 13.2 Environmental perspectives




  • 14 Notable people


    • 14.1 Scientists


    • 14.2 Politicians and professionals


    • 14.3 Writers


    • 14.4 Artists


    • 14.5 Athletes




  • 15 See also


  • 16 Notes and references


    • 16.1 Notes


    • 16.2 References




  • 17 Bibliography


  • 18 External links





Geography and environment



Location


Roubaix occupies a central position on the north-east slope of the Métropole Européenne de Lille: it is set on the eastern side of Lille and the southern side of Tourcoing, close to the Belgian border. As regards towns' boundaries, Roubaix is encompassed by seven cities which constitute its immediate neighbouring environment. These municipalities are namely: Tourcoing to the north and the northwest, Wattrelos to the northeast, Leers to the east, Lys-lez-Lannoy to the southeast, Hem to the south and Croix to the southwest and the west. Roubaix, alongside those municipalities and twenty-one other communes, belongs to the land of Ferrain, a little district of the former Castellany of Lille between the Lys and Escaut (Scheldt) rivers.[10]


As the crow flies, the distance between Roubaix and the following cities is some odd: 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to Tournai, 18 kilometres (11 mi) to Kortrijk, 84 kilometres (52 mi) to Brussels and 213 kilometres (132 mi) to Paris.[11]



Geology


The soft hollow plain upon which Roubaix lies, stretches on the axis of an east-west oriented syncline which rises to the south and the southeast towards the Paleozoic limestone[12] of the Mélantois-Tournaisis faulted anticline.[13] This area consists predominantly of Holocene deposits of alluvial origin. It is flat and low, with an elevation drop of only 35 m (114 ft 10 in) over its 13.23 square kilometres (5.11 sq mi). The lowest altitude of this area stands at 17 m (55 ft 9 1⁄2 in), while its highest altitude is 52 m (170 ft 7 in) meters above the sea level.[14]



Hydrology


The Trichon stream fed by waters of the Espierre stream used to flow through the rural landscape of Roubaix before the industrialisation process began to alter this area in the middle of the 19th century.[15] From that century on, the ensuing industries, with their increasing needs for reliable supplies of goods and water, led to the building of an inland waterway connected upstream from the Deûle and downstream to the Marque and Espierre toward the Escaut, which linked directly Roubaix to Lille.[16][17]


Opened in 1877,[18] the Canal de Roubaix crosses the town from its northern neighbourhoods to its eastern neighbourhoods and flows along the city's boundaries. The Canal de Roubaix closed in 1985, after more than a century in use.[19] Thank to the European funded project Blue Links, the waterway has been reopened to navigation since 2011.[20]



Climate


Despite some American statements that weather conditions in Roubaix were bad during the 19th century,[21][22] the area of the city is not known for undergoing unusual weather events. In regard to the town's geographical location[23] and the results of the Météo-France's weather station of Lille-Lesquin,[24][25] Roubaix is a temperate oceanic climate: while summer experiences mild temperatures, winter's temperatures may fall to below zero. Precipitation is infrequently intense.



Environment


Roubaix is considered to be one of the most advanced city in the region Hauts-de-France concerning sustainibility. It has one of the most efficient district heating in France, using biomass heating [26]. The city has succeeded in a 50% reduction of its carbon emissions between 2010 and 2020.


Since 2014, the city is engaged in a zero waste policy, in order to become one of the first city for circular economy in France[27].
Roubaix is therefore recognized as a demonstrator of the 3rd Industrial Revolution in the Hauts-de-France.



Toponymy


The current city's name is most likely derived from Frankish rausa "reed" and baki "brook".[28][29][30] Thence the sense of Roubaix can probably find its origin on the banks of the three following historical brooks: Espierre, Trichon and Favreuil.[31] The place was mentioned for the first time in a Latinised form in the 9th century: Villa Rusbaci.[29][30][32] Thereafter, the following names were in use: 1047 and 1106 Rubais, 1122 Rosbays, 1166 Rusbais, 1156 and 1202 Robais, 1223 Roubais.[29][33] Over the span of centuries, the name evolved to Roubaix as shown on Mercator's map of Flanders published at Leuven in 1540.[34]


Parallel to the official and usual name Roubaix, some translations are worth a mention. Firstly, though the city has never belonged to the Flemish-speaking area,[35] the seldom-heard renderings Robeke[36][37] and Roodebeeke[38] are documented for Roubaix.[39] Furthermore, the Dutch Language Union established Robaais as the city's proper Dutch name.[40] Lastly, one can cite Rosbacum as the definite Latin transcription of Roubaix which has been in use since the 19th century, as recorded on dedication statements sealed in the first stones of the foundations of the City Hall laid in 1840 and the Church of Notre Dame laid in 1842.[41]



History


See also: Timeline of Roubaix



View of the city, dated 1699. Landscape with the castle, surrounded by a moat, next to the Sainte-Elisabeth hospital at left, the mill at right and the Saint-Martin church, regarded as the city's centre point, at centre.



Heraldry






Arms of Roubaix

 The arms of Roubaix are blazoned :
Party per pale ermine a chief gules and azure, thereon between two bobbins argent a five-pointed star or in chief, a wool-cards at its centre and a shuttle fesswise in base or, all within a bordure indented of the same.


People


Inhabitants of Roubaix are known in English as "Roubaisians" and in French as Roubaisiens (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.zjɛ̃ ]) or in the feminine form Roubaisiennes (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.zjɛn]), also natively called Roubaignos (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.njo]) or in the feminine form Roubaignoses (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.njoz]).[42][43][44]



Demographics


See also: Demographics of France
































































































































































































































Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1716 4,715 —    
1789 8,559 +0.82%
1793 9,120 +1.60%
1800 8,091 −1.70%
1801 8,151 +0.74%
1805 8,703 +1.65%
1806 8,724 +0.24%
1817 8,724 +0.00%
1821 12,170 +8.68%
1830 13,132 +0.85%
1831 18,187 +38.49%
1836 19,455 +1.36%
1841 24,802 +4.98%
1842 24,892 +0.36%
1846 31,039 +5.67%
1851 34,698 +2.25%
1856 39,445 +2.60%
1861 49,274 +4.55%
1866 65,091 +5.73%
1872 75,987 +2.61%
1876 83,661 +2.43%
1881 91,757 +1.86%
1886 100,299 +1.80%
1891 114,917 +2.76%
1896 124,661 +1.64%
1901 124,365 −0.05%
1906 121,017 −0.54%
1911 122,723 +0.28%
1921 113,265 −0.80%
1926 117,209 +0.69%
1931 117,190 −0.00%
1936 107,105 −1.78%
1946 100,978 −0.59%
1954 110,067 +1.08%
1962 112,856 +0.31%
1968 114,547 +0.25%
1975 109,553 −0.63%
1982 101,602 −1.07%
1990 97,746 −0.48%
1999 96,984 −0.09%
2006 97,600 +0.09%
2008 95,893 −0.88%
2013 95,866 −0.01%
From 1962 to 1999: population without double counting
Source: L.E. Marissal for 1716, 1789, 1801, 1805, 1817, 1830 and 1842,[45] Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 2006[14] and INSEE from 2004[46]

The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses carried out in the town since 1793 and the research study of Louis-Edmond Marissal, Clerk of the Peace of the city, published in 1844.[45] From the 21st century, communes with more than 10,000 population have sample surveys held every year, unlike other municipalities that have a real census every five years.[note 1][note 2]



Evolution of the Roubaisian population in the 19th century




Source: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 2006[14]


Roubaix evolved into a provincial market town until the end of the Early modern period with a census population of 4,715 inhabitants in 1716.[45] By the late 18th century, the city began to emerge as regional textile manufacturing centre and its population increased, reaching a level of 8,091 in 1800. As a result of the industrialisation process of the 19th century, the need of workers was supplied by rural flight as well as immigration. Belgian settlement was a feature of the Roubaisian life at that time.[47][48]


During the first-half period of the 19th century, Roubaix ranked the first French town in terms of population growth rate with a five times increase,[49] whereas in the remaining period of this century its population doubled. Within this last time framework, Belgian immigration appeared to be one of the major factor to explain the significantly high population growth, with 30,465 Belgian inhabitants counted in 1866 and 42,103 in 1872.[50] Nonetheless, the rate of natural increase shew to be a more important component of the population growth in that period.[51]


At the 20th century threshold, the Roubaisian population reached a peak of 124,661, from which it progressively declined over the successive
decades.



Evolution of the Roubaisian population in the 20th century




Source: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 2006[14]


Occupied by German troops from October 1914 to October 1918, Roubaix belonged to the combat zone of the Western Front during the First World War.[52] Over this occupation period, Roubaisians suffered from dearth, deportation for compulsory labour and unusual casualties[53] with a rather slight population drop from 122,723 to 113,265 between the 1911 and 1921 censuses.[54]


The population of the city was 95,866 at the January 2013 census.[46] This enables Roubaix to remain the third largest municipality in the region Hauts-de-France, after Lille and Amiens.



Languages


Although the region of Roubaix was subjected many times to the domination of Flanders' rulers throughout its history, Roubaisians have used a local Picard variant as the language of everyday life for centuries. This spoken vernacular is locally known as Roubaignot.[55][56] Until the early 20th century this patois prevailed.[57] Therefore, French language progressive penetration into local culture should not only be analysed as a result of the industrialisation and urbanisation of the area but should also be considered in terms of public education policies.[43][58]



Religion



Judaism


In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, many Jews left their homes and emigrated.[59][60] Jewish arrival in Roubaix derives from that bitter period of history.[61][62] At the time, the new immigrant community, even though its small size, dedicated a building to Jewish faith and liturgical practises.[62][63][64] The newly opened synagogue, located in a house at number 51 on the narrow rue des Champs,[62][64] operated more than 60 years, until 1939, when it was closed under imprecise local circumstances as the Nazi regime took over in Europe.[64][65] Despite the closure of the synagogue, the occupation and police raids,[note 3][67] the local practise of Judaism saw an humble revival after the war which lasted until the start of the 1990s when the modest Jewry of Roubaix handed over its Sefer Torah to the care of the one of Lille.[65] Roubaix has no longer been home to a Jewish place of worship since that event.[68] The house inside which the first one was created 123 years ago, has been demolished since an urban renewal project occurred in 2000.[62] On September 10, 2015, the mayor unveiled a commemorative plaque on the rue des Champs, as a tribute to the Roubaisian Jewry, in memory of the religious purpose of this previous building.[65]



Islam


As of August 2013 there were six mosques in the town, including one under construction. According to estimates by the mayor's office, around 20,000 people, or about 20 percent of the population were Muslims.[69] Four areas of the cemetery were designated for Muslims.[70]



Buddhism


During the second half of the 20th century, the city took in Buddhist communities from originally Buddhist countries in the Southeast Asian peninsula including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.[71] Within this background Roubaix has brought together two Buddhist traditions on its territory, hence cultural variations across communities: Mahāyāna and Theravāda with, respectively, one and four places of worship.[72]



Urbanism



Urban geography


During the Middle Age, the city grew in a northward-facing semicircle around its primitive core, beyond the area spread out between the church Saint Martin and the former fortified castle. The existence of this south boundary remained until the 18th century and marked an urban expansion which mainly occurred on the western and northern sides of the town.[73] Increasing industrialisation, land transport improvement, continued population growth and the resulting need for suitable low cost lands for housing and manufacturing plants, all of which finally led to expand the city southward from the centre, in the 19th century.[74]



Administrative and political affairs



Constituencies and cantons


Roubaix grouped four cantons from 1988 to 2012. Since then, this number has fallen to two with Roubaix 1 and Roubaix 2. After the last redistricting of French legislative constituencies in 2010, the city is now divided into two constituencies : Nord's 7th constituency which include the former canton of Roubaix-Ouest and Nord's 8th constituency formed by the following former cantons: Roubaix-Centre, Roubaix-Nord and Roubaix-Est.



Administrative zoning



Eastern district neighbourhoods



  • Fraternité

  • Pile

  • Sainte-Elisabeth

  • Sartel-Carihem

  • Trois Ponts



Western district neighbourhoods



  • Epeule

  • Fresnoy-Mackellerie

  • Trichon



Central district neighbourhoods



  • Anseelme Motte-Bossut

  • Barbieux

  • Centre-ville

  • Crouy

  • Espérance

  • Nations-Unies

  • Vauban



Northern district neighbourhoods



  • Alma-Gare

  • Armentières

  • Cul de Four

  • Entrepont

  • Fosses aux Chênes

  • Hommelet

  • Hutin-Oran-Cartigny



Southern district neighbourhoods



  • Chemin Neuf

  • Edouard Vaillant

  • Hauts-Champs

  • Justice

  • Linné-Boulevards

  • Moulin

  • Nouveau Roubaix

  • Petites-Haies

  • Potennerie



Mayors of the city









































































































Mayor Term start Term end Party[note 4]
Henri Carette May 1892 December 1901
POF
Edouard Roussel December 1901 January 1902
UDR
Eugène Motte January 1902 May 1912
FR
Jean-Baptiste Lebas[note 5]
 May 1912 March 1915
SFIO
Henri Thérin[note 6]
 March 1915 October 1918
SFIO
Jean-Baptiste Lebas October 1918 June 1940
SFIO
Fleuris Vanherpe[note 7]
 June 1940 August 1941
Marcel Guislain August 1941 December 1941
Alphonse Verbeurgt January 1942 May 1942
Charles Bauduin May 1942 July 1942
Victor Provo[note 8]
 July 1942 March 1977
SFIO then PS
Pierre Prouvost March 1977 March 1983
PS
André Diligent March 1983 May 1994
UDF-CDS
René Vandierendonck May 1994 March 2012
UDF-CDS then DVG and finally PS
Pierre Dubois March 2012 March 2014
PS
Guillaume Delbar April 2014 –
UMP then LR and finally DVD


International relations


See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Roubaix is twinned with:[81]




  • United Kingdom Bradford, United Kingdom, since 1969[81][82]


  • Germany Mönchengladbach, Germany, since 1969[83][84]


  • Belgium Verviers, Belgium, since 1969[83][84]


  • Republic of Macedonia Skopje, Macedonia, since 1973[85]


  • Italy Prato, Italy, since 1981[86]


  • Poland Sosnowiec, Poland, since 1993[87]


  • Portugal Covilhã, Portugal, since 2000[88]


  • Algeria Bouïra, Algeria, since 2003[81]



Landmarks


Remarkable buildings, old brick factories and warehouses abound in this once renowned city which was esteemed to be a worldwide textile capital in the early years of the 20th century.[89] Thus, the city inherited one of the most architectural works in the French history and culture of the 19th century Industrial Revolution and was designated Town of Art and History on December 13, 2000.[90]


Ever since the Ministry of Culture endowed Roubaix with this label, the city has entered the 21st century by promoting its cultural standing as the inheritance of its industrial and social history.[91]


Several profane or sacral buildings of Roubaix are registered as historic monuments.



Secular buildings




  • Monument historique registered secular buildings




  • Barbieux health centre







  • ENSAIT







  • Prouvost private mansion







  • Art nouveau house







  • Three-storey stately house







  • Rémy Cogghe's house







  • Law court







  • Huchon water tower







  • National Archives of the Working World






Sacral buildings



  • Monument historique registered sacral buildings




  • Convent of Clarisses







  • Deconsecrated Church Notre-Dame







  • Church Saint-Martin






Sculptures and memorials


The city has been the place where illustrious names of French sculptors put their skills to create memorial monuments since the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century. After a long slack period 2010 introduced a shift in the genre with the unveiling of Wim Delvoye's Discobolos, a statue of modern art conceived as a welcoming sign to a neighbourhood of the city.[92] The sculptures and memorial monuments in Roubaix which deserve notice for their historical or artistical interest are mentioned below.



  • Discobolos: Wim Delvoye (sculptor), Bruno Dupont (mediator), Fondation de France and city of Roubaix (supporters), ordered by the neighbourhood residents with the members of the Hommelet neighbourhood committee[note 9] and inaugurated on June 5, 2010[93]


  • Joan of Arc statue: Maxime Real del Sarte (sculptor), inaugurated on May 27, 1952[94]

  • Memorial to Jean-Baptiste Lebas: Albert de Jaeger (sculptor), funded through public subscription and inaugurated on October 23, 1949[94][95]

  • Memorial to Resistance Martyrs of Roubaix: Albert de Jaeger (sculptor), engraved "Roubaix a ses martyrs de la Résistance" and "Ils ont brisé les chaînes de l'oppression",[note 10] ordered by the City council and inaugurated on November 11, 1948[96]

  • Memorial to Eugène Motte: Raoul Bénard (sculptor), Gustave Poubel (architect), funded through public subscription and inaugurated on September 22, 1935[94]

  • Memorial to Jean-Joseph Weerts: Alexandre Descatoire (sculptor), ordered by the City council and inaugurated on October 29, 1931[97]

  • Memorial to Louis Bossut: Maxime Real del Sarte (sculptor), ordered by the City council and inaugurated on October 4, 1925[94][98]


  • Monuments aux Morts or World War I Memorial of Roubaix: Alexandre Descatoire (sculptor), Jean-Frédéric Wielhorski (architect), engraved "Roubaix à ses enfants morts pour la défense du pays et pour la paix",[note 11] ordered by the City council and inaugurated on October 18, 1925[99]

  • Memorial to Jules Guesde: Georgette Agutte-Sembat (sculptor), Albert Bührer (architect), funded through public subscription and inaugurated on April 12, 1925[100][101]

  • Memorial to Amédée Prouvost: Hippolyte Lefèbvre (sculptor), ordered by the City council and inaugurated on October 29, 1922[94]

  • Memorial to Pierre Destombes: Corneille Theunissen (sculptor), engraved "Hortorum, Musicae, Librorumque, Studiosus",[note 12] ordered by the City council and inaugurated on October 29, 1922[94][102]

  • Memorial to Gustave Nadaud: Alphonse-Amédée Cordonnier (sculptor), Gustave Leblanc-Barbedienne (art founder), inaugurated on October 11, 1896[94][103]



Museum


The city of Roubaix has two Museum:



  • The Musée d’Art et d’Industrie (Museum of Art and Industry), better known as La Piscine, one of the greatest museum in the Hauts-de-France, in an art-deco jewel swimming pool transformed into a Museum dedicated to the art of the 19th and 20th century – includes sculptures by Giacometti, Rodin, Claudel and Picasso-. The Museum reopened in 2018 after a extensive renovation and extension, making it more successful than ever [104].

  • the Manufacture, the reference textile Museum of the Hauts-de-France, hosted in an old textile factory



Culture



Painting


The most prestigious names of painters, who made their reputation in Roubaix from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century are Jean-Joseph Weerts[97] and Rémy Cogghe.[105]


From the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the 1970s, a casual group of young artists from Roubaix and the surrounding region was formed and given the name Groupe de Roubaix.[106][107][108] Two painters commonly associated with the group are Arthur Van Hecke and Eugène Leroy.[109][110][111]



Museums


Roubaix has been home to two major museums of the region Nord-Pas de Calais since the beginning of the 21st century: La Piscine Museum and La Manufacture – Museum-Workshop; inheriting both of the local socioeconomic history.



Theatre and performing arts centres







  • Centre chorégraphique national Roubaix – Nord-Pas-de-Calais

  • Colisée

  • Condition publique

  • Théâtre de l'Oiseau-Mouche "Le Garage”

  • Théâtre Louis Richard

  • Théâtre Pierre de Roubaix



Cinema


The city of Roubaix was the filming location (mostly or partly) of the following films:




  • I Am a Soldier (French: Je suis un soldat), directed by Laurent Larivière in 2015[112]


  • My Golden Days (French: Trois souvenirs de ma jeunesse), directed by Arnaud Desplechin in 2015[113][114]


  • Discount, directed by Louis-Julien Petit in 2014[115]


  • Queens of the Ring (French: Les Reines du ring), directed by Jean-Marc Rudnicki in 2013[116][117]


  • Blue Is the Warmest Colour (French: La Vie d'Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2), directed by Abdellatif Kechiche in 2013[118][119]


  • A Christmas Tale (French: Un conte de Noël), directed by Arnaud Desplechin in 2008[120]


  • The Banishment (Russian: Изгнание, Izgnanie), directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev in 2007[121][122]


  • In His Hands (French: Entre ses mains), directed by Anne Fontaine in 2005[120]


  • The Axe (French: Le couperet), directed by Costa-Gavras in 2005[123][124]


  • Save Me (French: Sauve-Moi), directed by Christian Vincent in 2000[125]


  • Flat Land Cities (French: Les Cités de la plaine), directed by Robert Kramer in 1999[126][127]


  • The Dreamlife of Angels (French: La Vie rêvée des anges), directed by Erick Zonca in 1998[128][129]


  • Enigma, directed by Jeannot Szwarc in 1982[114]


  • Life Is a Long Quiet River (French: La vie est un long fleuve tranquille), directed by Étienne Chatiliez in 1988[114][120]


  • Hurricane Rosy (Italian: Temporale Rosy, French: Rosy la bourrasque), directed by Mario Monicelli in 1979[130]


  • Swimming Instructor (French: Le Maître-nageur), directed by Jean-Louis Trintignant in 1979[131]


  • Body of My Enemy (French: Le Corps de mon ennemi), directed by Henri Verneuil in 1976[114][120]


  • The Confession (French: L'Aveu), directed by Costa Gavras in 1970[114][120]


  • Struggle in Italy (Italian: Lotte in Italia), directed by the Dziga Vertov Group in 1970[132]



Fashion



Festivals



Education







Primary and secondary education



Higher-education



  • The EDHEC Business School is one of the few Grandes École located outside the Paris Metropolitan Area. It is one of Europe's fastest rising business schools.


  • ENSAIT is a higher education and research institute, gathering all the disciplines related to textiles


  • ESAAT is a design education institute


  • Decentralisation of the Universities of Lille II and Lille III[133]



Libraries



  • Médiathèque "La Grand'Plage"

  • National Archives of the World of Work



Sport


Roubaix has an old sporting heritage[134] and is home to the finishing of one of the world's oldest races of professional road cycling at its velodrome: Paris–Roubaix known as the Hell of the North. While Roubaix is famous for its velodrome, there is more to this city than the cycling sports facilities.


The building of indoor and outdoor sports amenities in the city should be associated with its era of economic rise during the industrial revolution, in addition to the development of local sporting clubs and associations.[135]



Economy


During the 19th century, Roubaix acquired an international reputation for textile industry and wool production. In the 1970s and 1980s, international competition and automation caused an industrial decline and resulted in the closure of many factories. From that moment on and since the implementation of the French urban policy in the early 1980s, around three-fourth of the town's territory has been regularly assigned specific zoning designations as well as health and welfare plans.[136]


Roubaix's high level of unemployment is a consequence of the desindustrialisation. The town is listed among France's poorest cities.[91][137]
Successive local governments have tried to address difficulties associated with deindustrialisation by attracting new industries, making the most of the town's cultural credentials [91] and organising a strong student presence on different campuses.
The city is now on the way to reverse the decades of decline, creating new models and new successful economic stories, with online retail and IT. [138]



Textile industry


The city still has a textile companies specialized in high quality products or high technological textile products.



Commerce and services


Mail order companies of international renown such as La Redoute,[139]Damart[140][141] and 3 Suisses,[142][143] stemmed from textile industries which were founded in Roubaix.
Since 2016, Showroomprive.com is also established in Roubaix.



Information technology and e-business



  • OVH was created in Roubaix in 1999 and has become a global IT infrastructure company that created more than 1,000 jobs in the city and surroundings. Its head office is still in Roubaix.[144]


  • Ankama Games has established its head office in Roubaix since 2007.[145]

Since 2014, a cluster for e-commerce called Bl@nchemaille, supported by Euratechnology is established in Roubaix, in the former building of La Redoute.



Infrastructure



Transportation




Roubaix's position in the motorway roads network


A22 autoroute, a French part of the European route E17 from Burgundy to Antwerp, is the only motorway, within a motorway roads network of the highest density in France after Paris, which passes by Roubaix.


The Gare de Roubaix railway station offers connections to Antwerp, Lille, Ostend, Paris and Tourcoing.


The city is also served by the Lille Metro.



Environmental perspectives



Notable people



Scientists




  • Stanislas Dehaene (1965–): cognitive psychologist, professor at the Collège de France and author


  • Bernard Amadei (1954–): professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado, founder of Engineers Without Borders (USA)


  • Dominique Mulliez (1952–): epigrapher, archaeologist and Hellenist


  • Marguerite Dupire (1920–2015): ethnologist


  • Robert Jonckhèere (1888–1974): astronomer


  • Joseph Willot (1875–1919): pharmacist and World War I resistance activist



Politicians and professionals




  • Karima Delli (1979–): politician, Member of the European Parliament


  • Olivier Henno (1962–): politician, mayor of Saint-André-lez-Lille and general councillor


  • Benoît Duquesne (1957–2014): journalist, television reporter and newscaster


  • Pierre Pribetich (1956–): politician, former Member of the European Parliament


  • Marie-Christine Blandin (1952–): politician, member of the Senate of France, representing the Nord department

  • Jean-Luc Brunin (1951–): clergyman, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Havre


  • Alex Türk (1950–): politician, member of the Senate of France, representing the Nord department


  • Bernard Arnault (1949–): business magnate, investor and art collector


  • Bruno Masure (1947–): journalist, news anchor and television presenter


  • Auguste Mimerel (1786–1871), industrialist and politician


  • Gérard Mulliez (1931–): businessman, founder of the Auchan chain of department stores


  • Robert Diligent (1924–2014): journalist, founding members of Télé Luxembourg


  • Francis Pollet (1964-) : General officer

  • André Diligent (1919–2002): lawyer and politician, World War II resistance activist, deputy to the National Assembly, senator-mayor of Roubaix

  • Marcel Verfaillie (1911–1945): communist militant, World War II resistance activist against Nazism, died in concentration camp

  • Pierre Herman (1910–1990): politician, deputy to the National Assembly


  • Pierre Pflimlin (1907–2000): lawyer and politician, last Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic

  • Raymond Schmittlein (1904–1974): toponymist and politician, deputy to the National Assembly


  • Jean-Baptiste Lebas (1898–1944): politician, mayor of Roubaix, deputy to the National Assembly, World War I and II resistance activist, died in deportation custody


  • Antoine Cordonnier (1892–1918): military aviator, flying ace during World War I


  • Jules Dumont (1888–1943): communist militant, commanded the Commune de Paris Battalion, a unit part of the XI International Brigade


  • Jean Prouvost (1885–1978): businessman, media owner and politician

  • Agnello van den Bosch (1883–1945): Belgian Catholic Franciscan priest (OFM), founder and president of the Belgian National Work for the Blind, died in concentration camp


  • Louis Loucheur (1872–1931): writer and politician, deputy to the National Assembly


  • Ferdinand Bonnel (1865–1945): Jesuit priest and missionary in Sri Lanka


  • Théodore Vienne (1864–1921): textile manufacturer and co-founder of Paris–Roubaix cycle race

  • Eugène Motte (1860–1932): politician and businessman, mayor of Roubaix, deputy to the National Assembly


  • Pierre Wibaux (1858–1913): cattle-rancher, banker and gold-mine owner, emigrated from France to the United States


  • Jules Guesde (1845–1922): Paris-born socialist journalist and politician, deputy of the constituency of Roubaix to the National Assembly


  • Jean Desbouvrie (c. 1840-1847-?): inventor and bird tamer



Writers




  • Marie Desplechin (1959–): writer and journalist

  • Pierre Pierrard (1920–2005): historian

  • Michel Décaudin (1919–2004): Romance linguist, literature professor and author


  • Richard Cobb (1917–1996): British social historian. Lived in Roubaix in the 1940s.

  • Octave Vandekerkhove (1911–1987): writer


  • Maxence Van Der Meersch (1907–1951): writer

  • Maurice Nédoncelle (1905–1976): personalist philosopher


  • Yanette Delétang-Tardif (1902–1976): poet

  • Amédée Prouvost (1877–1909): poet


  • Jules Feller (1859–1940): Romance linguist and philologist, Belgian academician and Walloon militant



Artists




  • Wanani Gradi Mariadi (1990–): rapper known as Gradur

  • Kaddour Hadadi (1976–): singer and author known as HK


  • Philippe Dhondt (1965–): singer, songwriter and composer known as Boris


  • Arnaud Desplechin (1960–): film director


  • Édouard Devernay (1889–1952): Organist, composer

  • Wladyslaw Znorko (1958–2013): theatre author and director

  • Philippe Barraqué (1954–): musicologist, music therapist, composer and singer


  • Étienne Chatiliez (1952–): film director


  • Roger Delmotte (1925–): classical trumpeter

  • Philippe Lefebvre (1949–): musician, principal organist of Notre Dame Cathedral of Paris


  • Chantal Ladesou (1948–): actress and comedian

  • Agnès Guillemot (1931–2005): film editor


  • Pierre Jansen (1930–2015): film music composer

  • Jenny Clève (1930–): actress


  • Elisabeth Yvonne Scatcherd (1928–): film actress known as Yvonne Furneaux

  • Charles Gadenne (1925–2012): sculptor


  • Georges Delerue (1925–1992): composer who worked on over 350 scores for cinema and television

  • Arthur Van Hecke (1924–2003): painter

  • Gabrielle Vervaecke (1921–2005): composer and singer known as Gaby Verlor


  • Viviane Romance (1912–1991): actress

  • Albert de Jaeger (1908–1992): sculptor, printmaker, medallist and smelter

  • Charles Bodart-Timal (1897–1971): songwriter and chansonnier


  • Jules Gressier (1897–1960): conductor

  • Francis Bousquet (1890–1942): Marseille-born composer


  • Léon Mathot (1886–1968): film actor and director

  • Silas Broux (1867–1957): painter


  • Jean-Joseph Weerts (1846–1927): painter


  • Rémy Cogghe (1846–1927): Belgian-born painter who resided in Roubaix


  • Gustave Nadaud (1820–1893): songwriter and chansonnier



Athletes




  • Moussa Niakhate (1996–): football player


  • Christoffer Mafoumbi (1994–): goalkeeper


  • Saoussen Boudiaf (1993–): sabre fencer


  • Anthony Knockaert (1991–): football player


  • Aliou Dia (1990–): football player


  • Antoine Roussel (1989–): ice hockey player


  • Pierrick Gunther (1989–): rugby union player


  • Idir Ouali (1988–): football player


  • Martial Mbandjock (1985–): sprinter


  • Seïd Khiter (1985–): football player


  • Daouda Sow (1983–): boxer


  • Yero Dia (1982–): football player


  • Icham Mouissi (1982–): Algerian football player


  • David Coulibaly (1978–): football player


  • Arnaud Tournant (1978–): track cyclist


  • Christophe Landrin (1977–): football midfielder


  • Jacques-Olivier Paviot (1976–): football player


  • Fatiha Ouali (1974–): race walker


  • Michel Breistroff (1971–1996): ice hockey player


  • Pierre Dréossi (1959–): former football player, coach and football manager


  • Alain Bondue (1959–): racing cyclist


  • Jean-Christian Lang (1950–): football manager and former player


  • Jacques Carette (1947–): athlete


  • René Libeer (1934–2006): boxer


  • Jacques Pollet (1922–1997): racing driver

  • Jacques Leenaert (1921–2004): football player


  • Prudent Joye (1913–1980): track and field athlete


  • Georges Beaucourt (1912–2002): football player


  • Raymond Dubly (1893–1988): football player


  • Jean Alavoine (1888–1943): cyclist


  • Charles Crupelandt (1886–1955): Wattrelos-born professional road bicycle racer


  • Arthur Balbaert (1879–1938): Belgian sports shooter



See also



  • Paris–Roubaix

  • Museum of Art and Industry André Diligent

  • Canal of Roubaix

  • Roubaix, South Dakota

  • André Bizette-Lindet



Notes and references



Notes





  1. ^ At the beginning of the 21st century, the terms of census have been amended by Act No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, called "grassroots democracy law" on the democracy of proximity and in particular Title V "of census operations", in order, after a power transition period from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For municipalities with populations greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is carried out annually, the entire territory of these municipalities is included at the end of the same period of five years. The first post-legal population from 1999, and fitting in the new system which came into force on January 1, 2009, is the census of 2006.


  2. ^ In the census table, by Wikipedia convention, the principle was retained for subsequent legal populations since 1999 not to display the census populations in the table corresponding to the year 2006, the first published legal population calculated according to the concepts defined in Decree No. 2003-485 of June 5, 2003, and the years corresponding to an exhaustive census survey for municipalities with less than 10,000 inhabitants, and the years 2006, 2011, 2016, etc.… for municipalities with more than 10,000. The latest legal population is published by INSEE for all municipalities.


  3. ^ The Jewish population of Roubaix dropped from 160 members[65] in the beginning of its settlement to 68 in 1942.[66]


  4. ^ Under French State's dictatorship from 1940 to 1944, mayors of communes over 2,000 inhabitants were not elected democratically. The mayor was nominated by the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain in communes of over 10,000 inhabitants and the prefet in communes less than 10,000 inhabitants and more than 2,000. The mayor in communes less than 2,000 inhabitants was elected by the city council. Mayors of communes of the Zone interdite were nominated by prefects in agreement with the German authorities. Therefore, mayors are not affiliated to a political party for this period of time.[75][76]


  5. ^ Jean-Baptiste Lebas's mandate was interrupted when he was arrested on March 7, 1915 by German authorities to be imprisoned in the fortress of Rastatt.


  6. ^ Henri Thérin, the first deputy mayor, stood in for Jean-Baptiste Lebas during his imprisonment time.


  7. ^ Fleuris Vanherpe, the eldest deputy mayor of the city council, supplanted Jean-Baptiste Lebas after his forfeiture in June 1940, and was entrusted functions of mayor on December 18, 1940.[77] His death, on August 17, 1941, put an early end to his mandate.


  8. ^ Victor Provo accepted the mandate in 1942.[78] He was maintained by resistance committees in 1944 then elected in April 1945.[79][80]


  9. ^ A local association (as per the 1901 law about association) called "Comité de quartier de l'Hommelet″


  10. ^ "Roubaix has its martyrs of the Resistance" and "They broke the chains of oppression"


  11. ^ "Roubaix to his children died in defense of the country and for peace"


  12. ^ "Friend of the gardens, music and books"




References





  1. ^ Pooley, Timothy (December 30, 1996). Chtimi: The Urban Vernaculars of Northern France. Applications in French Linguistics Series. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 15–44. ISBN 978-1-853-59345-1. Retrieved 2015-07-01..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Lecigne, Constantin (1911). Amédée Prouvost (in French). Paris, F: Bernard Grasset. p. 71. OCLC 679906866. Retrieved 2016-03-17. Roubaix donne l'impression d'une enclave américaine dans la France du Nord. C'est en même temps la ville de l'énergie frénétique et des fuites à travers le monde.


  3. ^ Strikwerda, Carl (1984). Sweets, John F., ed. "Regionalism and Internationalism: The Working-Class Movement in the Nord and the Belgian Connection, 1871–1914". Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History. 1983/1984. Lawrence (Kansas), USA: The University of Kansas: 222. ISSN 0099-0329. Retrieved 2016-03-17. Contemporaries never tired of calling Roubaix an "American city," because of its raw, fast-growing character, or of referring to Roubaix and its sister cities of Lille and Tourcoing as the "French Manchester."


  4. ^ Clark, Peter (January 29, 2009). European Cities and Towns: 400–2000. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-199-56273-2. Retrieved 2015-10-01. Roubaix was another new town, originally a craft village, whose many textile mills attracted a population of 100,000 and generated massive social and environmental problems.


  5. ^ Lecluyse, Frédérick (December 16, 2016). "MEL : on prend les mêmes ou presque et on recommence" [MEL: let's take hardly the same ones and start over]. Nord Éclair (in French). Roubaix, F: La Voix du Nord, S.A. 73 (349, ROUBAIX & SES ALENTOURS): 4. ISSN 1277-1422. Bois-Grenier, Le Maisnil, Fromelles, Aubers et Radinghem-en-Weppes. Soit 6000 habitants supplémentaires pour une MEL qui compte désormais 90 communes…


  6. ^ Ezelin, Perrine (April 2, 2015). "European Metropole of Lille Local Action Plan" (PDF). Edinburgh, UK: CSI Europe URBACT. p. 3. Retrieved 2015-07-22.


  7. ^ URBACT (May 29, 2015). "Lille". Edinburgh, UK. Retrieved 2015-07-22.


  8. ^ Neveu, Clarisse (December 15, 2016). "Métropole Européenne de Lille : les vice-présidents et conseillers métropolitains délégués élus" [European Metropolis of Lille : elected vice-presidents and metropolitan delegate-councilors]. MEL. Communiqué de presse (in French). Lille, F: Métropole Européenne de Lille. Retrieved 2016-12-18. La fusion, effective au 1er janvier 2017, acte un élargissement historique du territoire de la Métropole Européenne de Lille, passant de 85 à 90 communes pour près d'1.2 million d'habitants.


  9. ^ Durand, Frédéric (May 12, 2015). "Theoretical framework of the cross border space production the case of the Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai" (PDF). Luxembourg, L: EUBORDERSCAPES. p. 18. Retrieved 2015-07-22.


  10. ^ Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty I.D. 1168. (February 1918). Hall, Frederick, ed. A Manual of Belgium and the Adjoining Territories. Atlas. Oxford, UK: University Press, HMSO. p. 37. OCLC 10569037. Retrieved 2015-07-08.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)


  11. ^ Jäger, Martin (January 12, 2011). "Entfernungen (Luftlinie & Strecke) einfach online berechnen, weltweit" [Calculate distance between two cities in the world (free, with map)] (in German). Ascio Technologies, Inc. Danmark – Filial af Ascio technologies, Inc. USA. Retrieved 2015-07-07.


  12. ^ Dercourt, Jean; Paquet, Jacques (December 6, 2012) [First published 1985]. Geology: Principles and Methods. Oxford, UK: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 328. ISBN 978-9-400-94956-0. Retrieved 2015-07-24.


  13. ^ Hack, Robert; Azzam, Rafig; Charlier, Robert (June 14, 2004). Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe: A European Perspective. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. 104. Berlin, D: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 605–606. doi:10.1007/b93922. ISBN 978-3-540-21075-7. Retrieved 2015-07-03.


  14. ^ abcd Claude Motte and Marie-Christine Vouloir, Laboratoire de Démographie historique, EHESS/CNRS; Aleksandra Sarrabezolles, BNF (2007). "Notice communale Ldh/EHESS/Cassini Roubaix". Des villages Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui (in French). Paris, F. Retrieved 2015-07-13.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  15. ^ The Sanitary Record and Journal of Sanitary and Municipal Engineering. 47. London, UK: Sanitary Publishing Company. 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 2015-07-08.


  16. ^ United States, Dept.'s Bureau of Foreign Commerce (1898). Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries. Congressional Edition. 3695. Washington, US: Govt. Printing Office. p. 63. Retrieved 2015-07-09. …and with the Deule by the Canal d'Espierre and that of RoubaixCS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)


  17. ^ Nothomb, M. (1838). Canal de Bossuyt à Courtray & projets, annexes, enquêtes, etc … [Bossuit-Kortrijk Canal & projects, appendix, surveys, etc…] (in French). Brussels, B: H. Rémy, imprimeur du roi. p. 17. Retrieved 2015-09-21. Le but primitif du canal était de fournir à la ville de Roubaix les eaux dont elle manquait, et de la mettre en communication avec le système de canaux du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais.


  18. ^ Lille Metropolitan Council (2008). Ruant, Olivia; Edwards-May, David, eds. "A strategic route, an economic necessity". EU programme Blue Links: restoration and reopening of the Deûle-Escaut canal between France and Belgium: Roubaix Canal, Espierre Canal and Marque canalised river. Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine. Retrieved 2015-07-13.


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  20. ^ Marion Gadault, Teddy Grandsire, Patrice Gonzalez, Laure Join-Lambert, Dominique Leonardi, Véronique Malek, Carmen Momenceau, Nathalia Momenceau, Catherine Ruget (2015). Devisme, Philippe; Join-Lambert, Patrick, eds. "From Marquette to la frontière Belge". Fluviacarte, cartes et guides pour la navigation intérieure. Lattes, F: Editions de l'Écluse. Retrieved 2015-07-13.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  21. ^ Aime Cadot for the American Baptist Missionary Union (1899). "European Missions France – 1832". Eighty-fifth Annual Report. Baptist Missionary Magazine. 84–87. Boston (Massachusetts), USA: Missionary Rooms. p. 387. Retrieved 2015-07-25. The evening of our visit at Roubaix the weather was dreadful – rain and cold wind.


  22. ^ American McAll Association (1893). Annual Meeting of the American McAll Association. 10–18. Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), USA. p. 66. Retrieved 2015-07-25. In the winter, Mrs. Tyng visited us and told us more about Roubaix, but, owing to the extremely cold weather, her audience was small.


  23. ^ Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine (October 8, 2004). "Présentation générale du territoire communautaire et environnement du 8 octobre 2004 (Titre I – présentation générale du site et caractéristiques géophysiques)" (PDF). PLU de Lille Métropole. RAPPORT DE PRESENTATION (in French). Lille, F: LMCU. pp. 17–18. Retrieved 2015-07-25.


  24. ^ Decker, Frédéric, ed. (2015). "Lille (Nord)". LaMétéo.org. Normales climatiques 1981–2010 (in French). Retrieved 2015-07-25.


  25. ^ "Lille-Lesquin (59) – altitude 47m". ASSOCIATION INFOCLIMAT. Normes et records 1961–1990 (in French). 2011. Retrieved 2015-07-25.


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  29. ^ abc Nègre, Ernest (1996) [1st pub. 1991]. Toponymie générale de la France, vol. 2 [General Toponymy of France, Vol II] (in French). Geneva, CH: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-00133-5. Retrieved 2013-10-16.


  30. ^ ab van Overstraeten, Jozef (1969). De Nederlanden in Frankrijk [Low Countries in France]. Beknopte encyclopedie (in Dutch). Antwerp, B: Vlaamse Toeristenbond. pp. 465–466. OCLC 901682478. Retrieved 2015-06-22. …881 of 887 villa Rusbaci ≺ Germ. rausa = riet + baki = beek…


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  42. ^ Ireland, Patrick Richard (January 1, 1994). The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity: Immigrant Politics in France and Switzerland. Cambridge (Massachusetts), USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-68375-4. Retrieved 2015-07-27. Even very large immigrant communities managed to integrate into the ranks of the Roubaignos (native Roubaisians) through their membership in the working class.


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  44. ^ Bowen, Reginald (1937). La formation du féminin de l'adjectif et du participe passé dans les dialectes normands, picards et wallons d'après l'Atlas linguistique de la France [The Feminine formation of adjectives and past participles in Norman, Picard and Wallon dialects according to the Linguistic Atlas of France] (in French). Paris, F: Librairie Droz. OCLC 252979177.


  45. ^ abc Marissal, Louis-Edmond (1844). Recherches pour servir à l'histoire de Roubaix de 1400 à nos jours (in French). Roubaix, F: Impr. de Beghin. pp. 108–109. OCLC 253762961. Retrieved 2012-01-10. 1716: 4 715; 1789: 8 559; 1801: 8 151; 1805: 8 703; 1817:8 724; 1830: 13 132; 1842: 24,892


  46. ^ ab Tavernier, Jean-Luc, ed. (January 1, 2012). "Commune de Roubaix (59512)". Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques) (in French). Paris, F. Retrieved 2015-07-13., "59512-Roubaix 2006" (in French). Retrieved 2015-07-13., "59512-Roubaix 2011" (in French). Retrieved 2015-07-13. and "59512-Roubaix 2012" (in French). Retrieved 2015-07-13.


  47. ^ Declercq, Elien; Vanden Borre, Saartje (2013). Cultural integration of Belgian migrants in northern France (1870–1914): a Study of Popular songs. French History. 27. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–108. ISSN 1477-4542. Retrieved 2015-07-15.


  48. ^ Guerin-Gonzales, Camille; Carl, Strikwerda (1998). The Politics of Immigrant Workers: Labor Activism and Migration in the World Economy Since 1830 (2 revised ed.). New York (New York), USA: Holmes & Meier. pp. 115–133. ISBN 978-0-841-91298-4. Retrieved 2015-07-15. All Merrheim's years living in a French city that was over a third Belgian never made him question the ability of workers of different nationalities to unite.


  49. ^ de Planhol, Xavier; Clava, Paul (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography. 21. Cambridge (New York), USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-521-32208-9. ISSN 1747-3128. OCLC 27266536. Retrieved 2015-07-13.


  50. ^ Ministère des affaires étrangères du royaume de Belgique (1873). Recueil consulaire, contenant les rapports commerciaux des agents belges à l'étranger. 19. Brussels, B: P. Weissenbruch, Imprimeur du Roi. p. 971. Retrieved 2015-07-16. D'après un recensement récent, la population de Roubaix s'élève aujourd'hui à 75,987 habitants, dont 42,103 belges. En 1866 le recensement accusait une population totale de 64,706 habitants, dont 30,465 belges.


  51. ^ Moch, Leslie Page (2003) [First published 1992]. Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650. Interdisciplinary studies in history (Second ed.). Bloomington (Indiana), USA: Indiana University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-253-21595-6. OCLC 50774361. Retrieved 2015-07-13.


  52. ^ Stone, David (June 1, 2015). The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 400. ISBN 978-1-844-86235-1. Retrieved 2015-07-25.


  53. ^ Kramer, Alan (July 12, 2007). Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-192-80342-9. Retrieved 2015-07-25. The death rate is high; in ordinary times two gravediggers were enough in Roubaix, and now there are six of them


  54. ^ Tilly, Charles (July 1983). Collective-action repertoires in five French provinces, 1789–1914 (PDF). CRSO Working Paper. 300. Ann Arbor (Michigan), USA: University of Michigan. p. 17. Retrieved 2015-07-25. In fact, the population of Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing, a combat zone in World War I, fell slightly between 1901 and 1921.


  55. ^ Landrecies, Jacques; Petit, Aimé (April 1, 2003). "Picard d'hier et d'aujourd'hui" [Yesterday's and today's Picard]. Bien dire et bien aprandre – Bulletin du Centre d'études médiévales et dialectales de l'Université de Lille III (in French). Villeneuve d'Ascq, F: Centre de Gestion de l'Édition Scientifique (CEGES) (21): 11. ISBN 978-2-907-30105-3. Retrieved 2015-09-26. …aborder le difficile problème de l'"accent", cette dernière marque qui subsiste quand le patois a disparu et qui, plus que tout, permet de distinguer l'Abbevillois de l'Artésien ou du "Roubaignot".


  56. ^ Pooley, Timothy (December 30, 1996). Chtimi: The Urban Vernaculars of Northern France. Applications in French Linguistics Series. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 104–140. ISBN 978-1-853-59345-1. Retrieved 2015-09-30.


  57. ^ Pooley, Timothy (October 9, 2002). "The depicardization of the vernaculars of the Lille conurbation". In Jones, Mari C.; Esch, Edith. Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External, and Extra-linguistic Factors. Contributions to the sociology of language. 86. Berlin, D: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-110-17202-7. ISSN 1861-0676. Retrieved 2015-07-27. Viez notes the enduring prevalence of Picard in Roubaix in the early twentieth century despite progressive francization favoured by urbanization and industrialization


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  59. ^ Gopnik, Adam (May 9, 1994). "A Reporter at Large: The Ghost of the Glass House". The New Yorker. New York (New York), USA: F-R Publishing Corporation: 58. ISSN 0028-792X. Many of them had German names. They had fled from Alsace-Lorraine as the Franco-Prussian War ended, in 1871.


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  62. ^ abcd Viey, Frédéric; d'Almeida, Franck (June 2009). Histoire des communautés juives du Nord et de Picardie [History of the Jewish Communities of the North and Picardy Regions] (in French). Valenciennes, F: Synagogue de Valenciennes. pp. 24–25. Archived from the original on 2013-11-15. Retrieved 2015-09-27.


  63. ^ Cahen, Isidore; Prague, Hippolyte (1894). Archives israélites – Recueil politique et religieux [Israelite Archive – Political and religious reports] (in French). Tome LV. Paris, F: Bureau des Archives Israelites. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-09-27. M. Maurice Marx, fils du ministre-officiant de la Synagogue de Roubaix, a été nommé dans le courant de novembre au commandement de la canonnière l'Onyx. Ce jeune officier est un ancien élève de l'École polytechnique.


  64. ^ abc Delmaire, Danielle (2001). Les communautés juives septentrionales, 1791–1939 : Naissance, croissance, épanouissement [Jewries in Northern France from 1791 to 1939: birth, growth, development] (in French). volume 2. State doctoral thesis – Charles de Gaulle University – Lille III – January 1998. Villeneuve d'Ascq, F: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 714–719. ISBN 978-2-284-01645-8. Retrieved 2015-09-30.


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  67. ^ Mikhman, Dan (May 1998). Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans. Oxfor (New York), USA: Berghahn Books. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-9-653-08068-3. A massive round-up, i.e., large-scale random arrests, of Jews in northern France was conducted on September 11, 1942, at the same time as the one in Antwerp […] On October 27, 1943, the Germans arrested two Jewish families in Croix and Roubaix.


  68. ^ Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (September 2007). The Lure of Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews in Present-Day France. Jewish Identities in a Changing World. Volume 10. Translated by Couper Lobel, Kristin; Declerck, Anna. Leiden, NL: Brill Publishers. p. 98. ISBN 978-9-004-16337-9. Retrieved 2015-09-30. Roubaix does not have a Jewish community and there is no Jewish place of worship, intra muros.


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  74. ^ Tellier, Thibault (March 16, 2006). "Le développement urbain de Roubaix dans la première partie du XXe siècle". In David, Michel. Roubaix: cinquante ans de transformations urbaines et de mutations sociales [Fifty years of urban transformations and social mutations in Roubaix]. Histoire et civilisations (in French). 972. Villeneuve d'Ascq, F: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. p. 43. ISBN 978-2-859-39926-9. ISSN 1284-5655. Retrieved 2015-07-21. …c'est en fait le développement vers le sud qui semble le plus prometteur…


  75. ^ État français (December 12, 1940). "Loi du 16 novembre 1940 RELATIVE A LA REORGANISATION DES CORPS MUNICIPAUX" [Law of November 16, 1940 RELATED TO REORGANISATION OF MUNICIPAL BODIES]. Journal officiel de la République française (in French). Imprimerie nationale: 6074.


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  134. ^ Jerome, Jerome Klapka; Pain, Barry, eds. (1899). To-day. 22. London, UK: W.A. Dunkerley. p. 215. Retrieved 2015-07-28. The sport is very popular in the North of France, some fifty odd clubs existing in or near Roubaix, where a very large meeting was recently held.


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  138. ^ {{Financial Times | Date=2018 |https://www.ft.com/content/c1d59836-fda7-11e8-aebf-99e208d3e521}}


  139. ^ Smith, Michael Stephen (February 14, 2006). The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930. Harvard studies in business history. 49. Cambridge (Massachusetts), USA: Harvard University Press. p. 489. ISBN 978-0-674-01939-3. ISSN 0073-067X. Retrieved 2015-07-23. One of these was Pinault-Printemps-Redoute, a major retailing firm created by the merger of the Printemps-Prisunic department store chain and La Redoute, a leading mail-order house founded by a family of Roubaix wool spinners in the 1920s.


  140. ^ Baren, Maurice (September 16, 1992). How it all began: the stories behind those famous names. Leeds, UK: Smith Settle. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-870-07192-5. Retrieved 2015-07-23. In the French town of Roubaix in the 1950s, three brothers, members of the Despature family, had a weaving business manufacturing fine woollen cloths.


  141. ^ Derdak, Thomas (2009). Grant, Tina, ed. International Directory of Company Histories. Gale virtual reference library. 98. Farmington Hills (Michigan), USA: St. James Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-1-558-62619-5.


  142. ^ Dubois, Guy (October 11, 2012). Le Nord Pas-de-Calais Pour les Nuls [Nord Pas-de-Calais for dummies]. Pour les Nuls Culture Générale (in French). Paris, F: Éditions First & First Interactive. p. 164. ISBN 978-2-754-03547-7.


  143. ^ Prouvost, Thierry (August 15, 2008). "Vision et génie international des "familles du Nord" et de Roubaix en particulier" (in French). Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015. C'est en 1932, à Roubaix, que Xavier Toulemonde crée les Filatures des 3 Suisses, qui deviendront par la suite les 3 Suisses.


  144. ^ "OVH.com lays the first brick of its future North American data centre in Beauharnois". CNW A PR Newswire Company. CNW Group Ltd. January 26, 2012. Retrieved 2015-07-23.


  145. ^ Ankama Group (2015). "FROM TEXTILE FACTORY TO STUDIO: THE STORY OF OUR PREMISES". Ankama Group. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015. In January of 2007, the deal was done and Ankama moved into 75 Boulevard d'Armentières in Roubaix.




Bibliography


See also: Bibliography of the history of Roubaix


External links











  • Tourist office website (in French) (in English) (in Dutch)

  • Website of the museum of art and industry (in French)

  • LeBlog2Roubaix.Com (videoblog and WebTv about Roubaix) (in French)

  • INSEE commune file (in French)


  • Roubaix at Curlie (in French)











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