游说集团






2013年9月由煙草產業遊說者（英语：tobacco lobbyists）提供給荷蘭政治家卡爾梯卡·劉拓爾德（英语：Kartika Liotard）的禮物


游说集团（英语：Lobbying），又称院外集团或政治游说是嘗試影響立法人員、或是立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員、或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個投票區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。




目录






  • 1 美國


  • 2 相關


  • 3 參考文獻


  • 4 外部連接


    • 4.1 美國


    • 4.2 歐洲







美國


美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链。


其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。



相關



维基文库标志


维基文库中相关的原始文献：
遊說法





  • 戰國策《說難》韓非

  • 智庫

  • 行動主義

  • 倡導

  • 利益團體

  • 賄賂

  • 财阀

  • 门阀

  • 贵族

  • 深层政府

  • 政治献金

  • 《攻敵必救》 2009年美國電影，劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭



參考文獻


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  • P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013)

  • Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011

  • Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006


  • GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry

  • The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction

  • The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed

  • Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion

  • Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call

  • The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying

  • Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)

  • Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.

  • Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF

  • Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability. February 2006 (PDF)

  • Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 1/ 2010, S. 112-122


  • Lobbying. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 22 December 2005 [2007-01-30]. 


  • Police loans inquiry is widenened. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 30 March 2006 [2007-01-30]. 




外部連接





查询維基詞典中的Lobby。


  • Lobbying (Politics)在《大英百科全书》在线版的页面 （英文）


美國






维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：游说集团



  • Lobbyists.info - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.


  • Top 25 Lobbying Groups，存档于互联网档案馆（存檔日期 December 3, 2002） - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.


  • LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.

  • OpenSecrets.org


  • NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.


  • The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.


  • Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.

  • Public Affairs Links


  • First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry

  • US Senate Lobbying-Database Search



歐洲



  • Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals


  • The Lobby Ticker - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received

  • Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia

  • PubAffairs - the public affairs network

  • Public Affairs World

  • LobbyPlanet website

  • Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU)

  • Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)

  • EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite

  • euroXpress www.euroxpress.es

  • Spinwatch

  • The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community


  • Alliance for Lobbying Transparency - UK based campaign


  • OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007





规范控制


  • AAT: 300077524

  • GND: 4036097-0

  • NARA: 10638994

  • NDL: 00569588



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