CDH1 (gene)
































































CDH1
PBB Protein CDH1 image.jpg







Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB



Identifiers
Aliases
CDH1, Arc-1, CD324, CDHE, ECAD, LCAM, UVO, cadherin 1, BCDS1
External IDs MGI: 88354 HomoloGene: 20917 GeneCards: CDH1


















Gene location (Human)
Chromosome 16 (human)
Chr. Chromosome 16 (human)[1]

Chromosome 16 (human)
Genomic location for CDH1

Genomic location for CDH1

Band 16q22.1 Start 68,737,225 bp[1]
End 68,835,548 bp[1]























RNA expression pattern

PBB GE CDH1 201131 s at fs.png

PBB GE CDH1 201130 s at fs.png
More reference expression data















Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez


999


12550
Ensembl


ENSG00000039068


ENSMUSG00000000303
UniProt


P12830


P09803
RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_004360
NM_001317184
NM_001317185
NM_001317186


NM_009864
RefSeq (protein)


NP_001304113
NP_001304114
NP_001304115
NP_004351


NP_033994
Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 68.74 – 68.84 Mb Chr 8: 106.6 – 106.67 Mb

PubMed search		 [3] [4]
Wikidata



View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Cadherin-1 also known as CAM 120/80 or epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) or uvomorulin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH1 gene.[5] CDH1 has also been designated as CD324 (cluster of differentiation 324). It is a tumor suppressor gene.[6][7]




Contents






  • 1 Function


  • 2 Clinical significance


  • 3 Interactions


  • 4 Cadherin-1 and cancer


    • 4.1 Cadherin-1 in metastasis


    • 4.2 Cancer examples


    • 4.3 Genetic and epigenetic control of CDH1




  • 5 See also


  • 6 References


  • 7 Further reading


  • 8 External links





Function


Cadherin-1 is a classical member of the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region, and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Mutations in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. Loss of function is thought to contribute to progression in cancer by increasing proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis. The ectodomain of this protein mediates bacterial adhesion to mammalian cells, and the cytoplasmic domain is required for internalization. Identified transcript variants arise from mutation at consensus splice sites.[8]


E-cadherin (epithelial) is the most well-studied member of the cadherin family. It consists of 5 cadherin repeats (EC1 ~ EC5) in the extracellular domain, one transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that binds p120-catenin and beta-catenin. The intracellular domain contains a highly-phosphorylated region vital to beta-catenin binding and, therefore, to E-cadherin function.[citation needed] Beta-catenin can also bind to alpha-catenin. Alpha-catenin participates in regulation of actin-containing cytoskeletal filaments. In epithelial cells, E-cadherin-containing cell-to-cell junctions are often adjacent to actin-containing filaments of the cytoskeleton.


E-cadherin is first expressed in the 2-cell stage of mammalian development, and becomes phosphorylated by the 8-cell stage, where it causes compaction.[citation needed] In adult tissues, E-cadherin is expressed in epithelial tissues, where it is constantly regenerated with a 5-hour half-life on the cell surface.[citation needed] Cell-cell interactions mediated by E-cadherin are crucial to blastula formation in many animals.[9]



Clinical significance


Loss of E-cadherin function or expression has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis.[10][11] E-cadherin downregulation decreases the strength of cellular adhesion within a tissue, resulting in an increase in cellular motility. This in turn may allow cancer cells to cross the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues.[11] E-cadherin is also used by pathologists to diagnose different kinds of breast cancer. When compared with invasive ductal carcinoma, E-cadherin expression is markedly reduced or absent in the great majority of invasive lobular carcinomas when studied by immunohistochemistry.[12]



Interactions


CDH1 (gene) has been shown to interact with





  • CBLL1,[13]


  • CDC27,[14]


  • CDON,[15]


  • CDH3,[16]


  • C-Met,[17]


  • CTNND1,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]


  • CTNNB1,[15][17][20][21][23][24][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]


  • CTNNA1[20][34][35][36][41]


  • FOXM1,[43]


  • HDAC1,[44]


  • HDAC2,[44]


  • IQGAP1,[45]


  • FYN,[23]


  • NEDD9,[46]


  • Plakoglobin,[20][21][47][48][49]


  • Vinculin,[21][28]




  • PTPmu(PTPRM)[50][51]

  • PTPrho(PTPRT)[52]



Cadherin-1 and cancer



Cadherin-1 in metastasis


Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states play important roles in embryonic development and cancer metastasis. E-cadherin level changes in EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition). E-cadherin acts as an invasion suppressor and a classical tumor suppressor gene in pre-invasive lobular breast carcinoma.[53]


1. E-cadherin in EMT:


E-cadherin is a crucial type of cell-cell adhesion to hold the epithelial cells tight together. E-cadherin can sequester β-catenin on the cell membrane by the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin. Loss of E-cadherin expression results in releasing β-catenin into the cytoplasm. Liberated β-catenin molecules may migrate into the nucleus and trigger the expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors. Together with other mechanisms, such as constitutive RTK activation, E-cadherin loss can lead cancer cells to the mesenchymal state and undergo metastasis. E-cadherin is an important switch in EMT.[53]


2. E-cadherin in MET:


The mesenchymal state cancer cells migrate to new sites and may undergo METs in certain favorable microenvironment. For example, the cancer cells can recognize differentiated epithelial cell features in the new sites and upregulate E-cadherin expression. Those cancer cells can form cell-cell adhesions again and return to an epithelial state.[53]



Cancer examples



  • Inactivation of CDH1 (accompany with loss of the wild-type allele) in 56% of lobular breast carcinomas.[54][55]

  • Inactivation of CDH1 in 50% of diffuse gastric carcinomas.[56]

  • Complete loss of E-cadherin protein expression in 84% of lobular breast carcinomas.[57]



Genetic and epigenetic control of CDH1


Several proteins such as SNAI1/SNAIL,[58][59] ZFHX1B/SIP1,[60] SNAI2/SLUG,[61][62] TWIST1[63] and DeltaEF1[64] have been found to downregulate E-cadherin expression. When expression of those transcription factors is altered, transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin were overexpressed in tumor cells.[58][59][60][61][63][64] Another group of genes, such as AML1, p300 and HNF3,[65] can upregulate the expression of E-cadherin.[66]


In order to study the epigenetic regulation of E-cadherin, M Lombaerts et al. performed a genome wide expression study on 27 human mammary cell lines. Their results revealed two main clusters that have the fibroblastic or epithelial phenotype, respectively. In close examination, the clusters showing fibroblast phenotypes only have either partial or complete CDH1 promoter methylation, while the clusters with epithelial phenotypes have both wild-type cell lines and cell lines with mutant CDH1 status. The authors also found that EMT can happen in breast cancer cell lines with hypermethylation of CDH1 promoter, but in breast cancer cell lines with a CDH1 mutational inactivation EMT cannot happen. It contradicts the hypothesis that E-cadherin loss is the initial or primary cause for EMT. In conclusion, the results suggest that “E-cadherin transcriptional inactivation is an epi-phenomenon and part of an entire program, with much more severe effects than loss of E-cadherin expression alone”.[66]


Other studies also show that epigenetic regulation of E-cadherin expression occurs during metastasis. The methylation patterns of the E-cadherin 5’ CpG island are not stable. During metastatic progression of many cases of epithelial tumors, a transient loss of E-cadherin is seen and the heterogeneous loss of E-cadherin expression results from a heterogeneous pattern of promoter region methylation of E-cadherin.[67]



See also


  • Cluster of differentiation


References





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  2. ^ abc GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000303 - Ensembl, May 2017


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  59. ^ ab Cano A, Pérez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I, Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG, Portillo F, Nieto MA (February 2000). "The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression". Nature Cell Biology. 2 (2): 76–83. doi:10.1038/35000025. PMID 10655586.


  60. ^ ab Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P, Verschueren K, van Grunsven L, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, Huylebroeck D, van Roy F (June 2001). "The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion". Molecular Cell. 7 (6): 1267–78. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00260-X. PMID 11430829.


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  64. ^ ab Eger A, Aigner K, Sonderegger S, Dampier B, Oehler S, Schreiber M, Berx G, Cano A, Beug H, Foisner R (March 2005). "DeltaEF1 is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin and regulates epithelial plasticity in breast cancer cells". Oncogene. 24 (14): 2375–85. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208429. PMID 15674322.


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  67. ^ Graff JR, Gabrielson E, Fujii H, Baylin SB, Herman JG (January 2000). "Methylation patterns of the E-cadherin 5' CpG island are unstable and reflect the dynamic, heterogeneous loss of E-cadherin expression during metastatic progression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (4): 2727–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.4.2727. PMID 10644736.




Further reading


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  • Berx G, Becker KF, Höfler H, van Roy F (1998). "Mutations of the human E-cadherin (CDH1) gene". Human Mutation. 12 (4): 226–37. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:4<226::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 9744472.


  • Wijnhoven BP, Dinjens WN, Pignatelli M (August 2000). "E-cadherin-catenin cell-cell adhesion complex and human cancer". The British Journal of Surgery. 87 (8): 992–1005. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01513.x. PMID 10931041.


  • Beavon IR (August 2000). "The E-cadherin-catenin complex in tumour metastasis: structure, function and regulation". European Journal of Cancer. 36 (13 Spec No): 1607–20. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00158-1. PMID 10959047.


  • Wilson PD (April 2001). "Polycystin: new aspects of structure, function, and regulation". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 12 (4): 834–45. PMID 11274246.


  • Chun YS, Lindor NM, Smyrk TC, Petersen BT, Burgart LJ, Guilford PJ, Donohue JH (July 2001). "Germline E-cadherin gene mutations: is prophylactic total gastrectomy indicated?". Cancer. 92 (1): 181–7. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010701)92:1<181::AID-CNCR1307>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 11443625.


  • Hazan RB, Qiao R, Keren R, Badano I, Suyama K (April 2004). "Cadherin switch in tumor progression". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1014 (1): 155–63. doi:10.1196/annals.1294.016. PMID 15153430.


  • Bryant DM, Stow JL (August 2004). "The ins and outs of E-cadherin trafficking". Trends in Cell Biology. 14 (8): 427–34. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.07.007. PMID 15308209.


  • Wang HD, Ren J, Zhang L (November 2004). "CDH1 germline mutation in hereditary gastric carcinoma". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 10 (21): 3088–93. PMID 15457549.


  • Reynolds AB, Carnahan RH (December 2004). "Regulation of cadherin stability and turnover by p120ctn: implications in disease and cancer". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 15 (6): 657–63. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2004.09.003. PMID 15561585.


  • Moran CJ, Joyce M, McAnena OJ (April 2005). "CDH1 associated gastric cancer: a report of a family and review of the literature". European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 31 (3): 259–64. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2004.12.010. PMID 15780560.


  • Georgolios A, Batistatou A, Manolopoulos L, Charalabopoulos K (March 2006). "Role and expression patterns of E-cadherin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 25 (1): 5–14. PMID 16761612.


  • Renaud-Young M, Gallin WJ (October 2002). "In the first extracellular domain of E-cadherin, heterophilic interactions, but not the conserved His-Ala-Val motif, are required for adhesion". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (42): 39609–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201256200. PMID 12154084.




External links




  • CDH1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

  • GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer

  • Human CDH1 genome location and CDH1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.


This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.












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