奇異豬籠草
| 奇異豬籠草 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 奇異豬籠草的上位笼 | |
保护状况 | |
 无危（IUCN 3.1） | |
科学分类  | |
| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 属： | 猪笼草属 Nepenthes |
种： | 奇異豬籠草 N. mirabilis |
二名法 | |
Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Rafarin (1869)[注 1] | |
 | |
| 奇異豬籠草的分佈地 | |
異名 | |
同物异名
异物同名
非正式名
前林奈名
| |
奇異豬籠草（学名：Nepenthes mirabilis）是分布最为广泛猪笼草属植物。[18]:61其种加词“mirabilis”来源于拉丁文，意为“奇异的，令人惊叹的”。其是豬籠草属中分布最为广泛的物种，其分布范围覆盖东南亚、马来群岛的主要岛屿（除开小巽他群岛及菲律宾北部地区），并一直北延至中国南部，南延至澳大利亚。[1]猪笼草属中，奇異豬籠草具有最多的变型和变种，其中最知名的为汶萊以及沙撈越特有的变种——棘口奇异猪笼草（N. mirabilis var. echinostoma），其具有极宽的唇。[2]。
奇异猪笼草的叶片和捕虫笼质地柔软，捕虫笼耐久性不佳，易枯萎。在杂交中，其捕虫笼形态与质地的性状强势，仅在维多利亚时代常用于育种，现已极少使用。[18]:61
奇異豬籠草已被世界自然保護聯盟列入《2006年世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》中，保护状况为無危[19]。在香港，奇異豬籠草受香港法例第96章《林區及郊區條例》保護。
據马修·杰布及马丁·奇克所指，新幾內亞以奇異豬籠草的捕虫笼作陰莖護套。
目录
1 形态特征
2 分布范围
3 相关物种
4 种下类群
4.1 棘口奇异猪笼草
4.2 球状奇异猪笼草
5 共生生物
6 自然杂交种
7 注释
8 參考文献
9 扩展阅读
形态特征
生长于岩石表面的奇异猪笼草，摄于帛琉
奇异猪笼草为直立草本或攀援藤本，高0.5至2米。莲座状植株的叶片密集，近无柄，基部半抱茎，呈披针形，长约10厘米，边缘呈流苏状。笼蔓短于叶片。攀援茎的叶片散生，具柄，呈长圆形或披针形，长10至25厘米。叶基下延，全缘或为流苏状，两面常具紫红色斑点，中脉两侧各具纵脉4至8条，笼蔓约与叶片等长，具上位笼或否。[20]
奇异猪笼草的下位笼高约2至6厘米，为狭卵形或近圆柱形，被疏柔毛和星状毛。腹面具一对笼翼，笼翼具翼须。笼盖基部的后方的笼蔓尾分叉，分2至8条。笼盖为卵形或近圆形，其内表面密布近圆形的腺体。[20]
奇异猪笼草的上位笼高8至16厘米，近圆筒形，下部稍扩大，笼口处缩窄或否。被疏毛、分叉毛和星状毛。笼翼缩小为一对隆起。唇宽约0.2宽0.4厘米，内表面上半部为蜡质区，下半部密生火山口状腺体。笼蔓尾二叉。笼盖为卵形或长圆形，下表面具密集的近圆形腺体。[20]
奇异猪笼草的花序为总状花序，长20至50厘米。被长柔毛，与叶对生或顶生。花梗长0.5至1.5厘米。花被片4片，红至紫红色，椭圆形或长圆形，背面被柔毛，腹面密被近圆形腺体。雄花的花被片长0.5至0.7厘米，雄蕊柄具花药1轮，稍扭转。雌花的花被片长0.4至0.5厘米。子房椭圆形，具短柄或近无柄，密被淡黄色柔毛或星状毛。蒴果栗色，长0.5至3厘米；果爿4片，狭披针形。种子丝状，长约1.2厘米。花期为4至11月，果期为8至12月。[20]
分布范围
奇异猪笼草分布广泛，其存在于澳大利亚（约克角半岛）、婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、柬埔寨、加罗林群岛（帕劳及雅蒲島）、中国（广东省、海南省[21][22]、香港、澳门及橫琴）、當特爾卡斯托群島、爪哇、老挝、路易西亚德群岛、摩鹿加群島、緬甸、新幾內亞、西马来西亚、菲律賓（迪纳加特岛及棉兰老岛）、蘇拉威西島、苏门答腊岛、泰國及越南。[1][18]:61[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
此外，其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括巴比岛、邦加島、巴尼亞群島、巴圖群島、望加丽岛、恩加诺岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（北巴蓋島、西比路島、南巴蓋島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、廖内岛）、魯帕島[30]、塔威塔威[31]，也可能存在于沃沃尼島[32]。
相关物种
奇异猪笼草与澳大利亚特有的罗恩猪笼草（N. rowanae）和细猪笼草（N. tenax）之间存在着密切的近缘关系。
奇异猪笼草与罗恩猪笼草之间形态特征的区别（Clarke & Kruger, 2005） | ||
| 形态特征 | 奇异猪笼草 | 罗恩猪笼草 |
|---|---|---|
| 叶片形态 | 急尖至圆形 | 叶尖缩小，笼蔓处仍有延伸出来的窄细末端 |
| 笼蔓与叶片的衔接处 | 位于末端 | 盾形 |
| 笼翼 | 单一，具翼须 | 翼须呈“T”形 |
| 叶片质地 | 通常为纸质 | 强韧的革质 |
| 叶片基部 | 简单或下延至节间距的三分之一 | 下延超过节间距的二分之一 |
| 捕虫笼下部的消化腺密度 | 1600至2500个每平方厘米 | 约3600个每平方厘米 |
| 上位笼的笼肩位置 | 中间靠下 | 上四分之一处 |
| 下位笼的笼肩位置 | 下三分之一到四分之一处 | 唇下 |
在食虫植物数据库中，分类学家简·斯洛尔（Jan Schlauer）将空堪达猪笼草（N. kongkandana）列为奇异猪笼草的同物异名。[33]
种下类群
奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼在形态和颜色方面具有非常大的可变性，同时也是猪笼草属内存在最多同物异名的物种。[34]以下是已被描述的奇异猪笼草的变型和变种。棘口奇异猪笼草和球状奇异猪笼草（N. mirabilis var. globosa）的命名现在被视为是无效的。[來源請求]
Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)[35]
Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
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棘口奇异猪笼草
棘口奇异猪笼草仅存在于婆罗洲西部。其生长势与对环境的适应性不如原变型。[18]:771865年，奥多阿多·贝卡利发现了棘口奇异猪笼草。1873年，约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克将其描述为一个物种——棘口猪笼草（N. echinostoma）。[36]1882年，弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《园丁纪事》中对其进行了描述。[注 2][36][37]
棘口奇异猪笼草是唯一存在于文莱的奇异猪笼草变型。它还存在于沙捞越，但尚未在沙巴发现。[36]
球状奇异猪笼草
球状奇异猪笼草存在于攀牙府附近安达曼海上的一个为未公开岛屿及泰国董里市附近。[1][35]
其分类曾存在争议，一部分人认为其为独立物种，另一部分人则认为其是一个自然杂交种。[18]:72该变种最早出现于2006年1月的《食虫植物研究会杂志》封面上，其被标注为“Nepenthes sp. from Thailand”。[38]球状猪笼草（N. globosa）一词最早出现在仓田重夫一篇刊登于2007年7月《食虫植物研究会杂志》的文章中。[15]同期，多田雅宏也发表了一篇文章，将该类群描述为海盗猪笼草（N. sp. viking）。[17]在马尔切洛·卡塔拉诺的描述发表前，该类群在斯图尔特·麦克弗森2009的专著《旧大陆的猪笼草》中也被称为攀牙猪笼草（Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga）。[1]
在园艺贸易中，该变种常被称为球状猪笼草和海盗猪笼草。[1][39]其被称为海盗猪笼草，是因为其捕虫笼类似于海盗船的船头。[40]
共生生物
已在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中发现了大量的共生生物。包括分布于澳大利亚的奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中的巴布亚麻蝇（Sarcophaga papuensis）和瓦氏猪笼草螨（Nepenthacarus warreni）。[41][42]此外，在帛琉和雅蒲島的奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中分别发现于两种伊蚊（Aedes dybasi和Aedes maehleri）。[43]这些昆虫都具有特殊的生活史和与此习性相关的形态特征。[44][45]
存在于泰国奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中的奇异线虫（Baujardia mirabilis）已被描述。在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中发现这种线虫并不是一个偶然；其捕虫笼已成为了奇异线虫的天然栖息地。孑孓和奇异线虫主导着捕虫笼中的微生态系统。据推测，这种线虫与一种或多种共生昆虫间存在着携播关系。[46]
在中国南部，曾观察到树蛙在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中栖息。这些树蛙并不是猪笼草的猎物，而会在捕食猪笼草内捕食昆虫。[47]它们不受强酸性的消化液的影响（其pH值可低至2），可能是由于其具有皮肤表面粘液的隔离。[48]
在澳大利亚贾丁河沿岸生长的奇异猪笼草，在其捕虫笼中发现了一种特殊的水生真菌。其菌丝自由生活于消化液中，或附着于捕虫笼内昆虫的几丁质外壳上。[49][50]
此外，还发现奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中存在着一个极其复杂的细菌群落。[51]
自然杂交种
奇异猪笼草是猪笼草属中已知自然杂交种最多的物种。以下是已发现的奇异猪笼草的自然杂交种。[1]
- ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya][52]
N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][53][3]
N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][2]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][54]
N. andamana × N. mirabilis[55]（包括N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa）[55]
N. benstonei × N. mirabilis[4]
N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis[1]（包括N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma）[2]
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[2]
N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][1][2][56]
N. insignis × N. mirabilis[57]
N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis[55]
N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis[55]
N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis[1]
N. mirabilis × N. northiana[58][59]
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[2]（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）[18]:87[59]
N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana[59]
N. mirabilis × N. rowanae[60]
N. mirabilis × N. smilesii[61]
N. mirabilis × N. spathulata[4]
N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana[1]
N. mirabilis × N. tenax[1]
- ? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii[62][63][64]
N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana[1]
本斯通猪笼草与奇异猪笼草的自然杂交种
沙礼花－哈萨猪笼草
奇异猪笼草与诺斯猪笼草的自然杂交种
奇异猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种
棘口奇异猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种
奇异猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的自然杂交种
？奇异猪笼草与高棉猪笼草的自然杂交种
？奇异猪笼草与托莫里猪笼草的自然杂交种
奇異豬籠草的雄花
注释
^ 若昂·德理路在1790年将奇异猪笼草最先描述为Phyllamphora mirabilis。1805年，卡尔·路德维希·韦尔登诺将其移至猪笼草属下，并错误的组成为Nepenthes phyllamphora。大部分文献都显示[1][2][3][4][5]，乔治·克拉里奇·德鲁斯于1916年最先发表了正确的二名学名Nepenthes mirabilis[6]，但在食虫植物数据库中，简·斯洛尔（Jan Schlauer）将最早发表者注为1869年的Rafarin[7]。
^ 弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《园丁纪事》中的原文：[36][37]
“
Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb. Kew) is a wonderful thing, as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose unseen by any save Beccari ! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section.
”
參考文献
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^ Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
^ Druce, G. 1916. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles Report 4: 637.
^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes mirabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany, published online on August 22, 2013. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
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^ 14.014.114.2 （拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
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^ Nepenthes mirabilis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000.
^ 20.020.120.220.3 阮云珍. 1984. 中国植物志. 猪笼草 北京: 科學出版社. 34(1): 12.
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（泰文） สงขลา / ขนมหม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิง ขนมไทยภูมิปัญญาชาวบ้าน. [video] 77 NationChannel.
Nepenthes of Peninsula Malaysia[永久失效連結] by Stewart McPherson
扩展阅读
- 香港植物标本馆奇异猪笼草
- 原生地中的球状奇异猪笼草
- 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中奇异猪笼草的照片
- 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中棘口奇异猪笼草的照片
- 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中球状奇异猪笼草的照片
維基共享資源中有關奇异猪笼草的多媒體資源
維基物種中有關奇异猪笼草的數據
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