Virgin America




Not to be confused with Virgin Atlantic.














































































Virgin America
Virgin America logo.svg













IATA
ICAO
Callsign
VX
 VRD
 REDWOOD

Founded January 26, 2004; 14 years ago (January 26, 2004)
Commenced operations August 8, 2007
Ceased operations April 24, 2018
(merged with Alaska Airlines)
AOC # VQIA199L[1]
Hubs

  • Los Angeles

  • San Francisco
Focus cities
  • Dallas–Love
Frequent-flyer program eleVAte
Fleet size 67
Destinations 24
Company slogan A Breath of Fresh Airline
Parent company
Alaska Air Group (2016–2018)
Headquarters Burlingame, California
Key people



  • C. David Cush (CEO)


  • Donald J. Carty (Chairman)


  • Richard Branson (minority owner)
Revenue
Increase US$ 1.529 billion (2015)
Operating income
Increase US$ 177.2 million (2015)
Net income
Increase US$ 340.5 million (2015)[2]
Website
virginamerica.com (defunct; redirects to alaskaair.com)

Virgin America was an American airline that operated between 2007 and 2018, when it was integrated into Alaska Airlines. The airline primarily focused on operating low-fare service between cities on the West Coast and other major metropolitan areas, with higher quality service. It was headquartered in the San Francisco Bay Area city of Burlingame, and operated domestic flights to major U.S. cities, primarily from hubs at San Francisco and Los Angeles as well as a smaller focus city operation at Love Field in Dallas.


The airline began operations in 2007 as an independent airline using branding licensed from the United Kingdom-based Virgin Group, which also controls the brand of the Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Australia airlines. The Alaska Air Group acquired Virgin America in April 2016, at a cost of approximately $4 billion and continued to operate Virgin America under its own name and brand until airline was fully merged into Alaska Airlines on April 24, 2018.




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Founding (2004–2007)


    • 1.2 Virgin Group operations (2007–2016)


    • 1.3 Alaska Airlines merger (2016–2018)




  • 2 Corporate affairs


    • 2.1 Business trends


    • 2.2 Offices




  • 3 Destinations


    • 3.1 Codeshare agreements




  • 4 Fleet


  • 5 Cabin


    • 5.1 In-flight entertainment


    • 5.2 Seating




  • 6 Frequent flyer program


  • 7 References


  • 8 Further reading


  • 9 External links





History



Founding (2004–2007)


In early 2004, Virgin Group announced its intention to found a United States-based, low-fare airline called "Virgin USA". At the time, Virgin USA expected flights to begin by mid-2005. After considering several key areas, the San Francisco Bay Area was chosen as the location of its flight operations center and later as its corporate headquarters.[3] The airline changed its name from "Virgin USA" to "Virgin America" and due to the difficulty in finding U.S. investors willing to gamble on a new airline in an already congested industry, the launch date was pushed back from mid-2005 to early 2006.[4]


Virgin America secured U.S. investors Black Canyon Capital and Cyrus Capital Partners in late 2005.[5] Once the new owners were on board, Virgin's General Counsel submitted the required U.S. Department of Transportation certificate application on December 9, 2005.[6] Unfortunately, despite significant public support for the new California-based airline, the approval process was mired in debate between the supportive city and state representatives from California and New York and the opposing national aviation labor union, Air Line Pilots Association, as well as potential competitor Continental Airlines. The review of Virgin America's application was prolonged due to this opposition, which claimed Virgin America, being a subsidiary of the United Kingdom-based Virgin Group, would not be under U.S. ownership or control. The application was initially denied by the Department of Transportation on December 27, 2006.[7]


In order to achieve the necessary approval, Virgin America's General Counsel David Pflieger and CEO Fred Reid filed a revised application that proposed a restructuring of the airline in January 2007; voting shares would be held by a Department of Transportation-approved trust and only two Virgin Group directors would be on the eight-person board. Additionally, Virgin America was open to removing Richard Branson from the airline's board of directors and possibly removing the "Virgin" brand from the title altogether.[8] Virgin America was tentatively cleared to fly by the U.S. Department of Transportation on March 20, 2007, on the condition that the airline would alter its business structure, including the limitation of foreign ownership shares to 25% and the replacement of Fred Reid (who had been hired by Virgin Group).[9] The airline protested the stipulation concerning Reid's removal to the federal regulators, arguing that the other stipulations ensured that the business would not be ruled by foreign interests.[10] The Department of Transportation's final agreement allowed Reid to remain involved with Virgin America until February 2008, after which he was required to leave the company.[11]



Virgin Group operations (2007–2016)




"Air Colbert", the aircraft used on Virgin America's inaugural flight, at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport


Virgin America began selling tickets in July 2007. On August 8, 2007 the airline made its inaugural New York and Los Angeles to San Francisco flights — the aircraft was named "Air Colbert", after comedian Stephen Colbert.[12] In December 2007, C. David Cush replaced Reid as CEO of the airline.[13] From the beginning of operations, Virgin America reported losses, beginning with $270 million in its first month, until the third quarter of 2010, when it achieved its first profit of $7.5 million.[14][11]


On May 21, 2009, Virgin America became the first U.S. airline to offer Wi-Fi access via Gogo Inflight Internet on every flight.[15] Between November 10, 2009, and January 15, 2010, the airline offered free WiFi with a subsidy from Google.[16] On December 17, 2014, Virgin America announced that it would offer faster fleet-wide ATG-4 in-flight WiFi service from Gogo, with speeds three times faster than the first generation system.[17]




Virgin America's check-in area at Chicago O'Hare.


In March 2010, Virgin America announced its intention to start flying to Toronto from Los Angeles and San Francisco, making it the airline's first international destination.[18] Following the Department of Transportation's approval of Virgin America's proposal to fly to Canada, international service began on June 29, 2010.[19] However, due to high operating costs and higher demand for Dallas/Fort-Worth, Virgin America terminated Toronto service on April 6, 2011.[20] Virgin America began its service to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport in December 2010, and continued until after the repeal of the Wright Amendment in October 2014, when the airline leased two gates and established a focus city at Dallas Love Field and enhanced the number of connecting destinations. As a result, Virgin America transported almost 31,000 passengers through Dallas Love Field in the first month, achieving 3.58% market share at Dallas Love Field.[21]


Virgin America announced in January 2011 a firm order for sixty new Airbus A320 aircraft, including thirty new Airbus A320neos, that would be delivered starting in 2016, as a formal expansion of an initial commitment made by Richard Branson at the Farnborough Airshow in July 2010.[22] In April 2011, Virgin America's hub at San Francisco International Airport relocated to the newly remodeled Terminal 2, sharing the gates with American Airlines.[23] In late October 2011, the airline migrated to Sabre's global distribution system (GDS) that handles reservations, frequent-flier accounts, flight operations data and crew scheduling. Difficulties with the changeover sparked widespread customer complaints, due to early technical malfunctions surrounding the program.[24] On December 12, 2012, Virgin America opened their first airport lounge, the Virgin America Loft, at Los Angeles International Airport.[25]




The Virgin America exhibit at the Frontiers of Flight Museum at Dallas Love Field



Alaska Airlines merger (2016–2018)


Virgin America had its first public offering at the NASDAQ stock exchange on November 14, 2014, selling 13.3M shares to raise $307 million for the company.[26]


A number of airlines interested in a takeover of Virgin America approached the airline in late 2015, prompting Virgin America to correspond with an undisclosed financial adviser about how and if to proceed with a sale.[27]Alaska Air Group and JetBlue Airways Corporation were the two most interested companies to make offers to purchase the airline from Virgin Group.[28] In December 2015, Alaska was interested at $44.75 per share, before JetBlue manifested its interest in February 2016. A bidding war ensued culminating on March 31 and April 1 at $57 per share, 47% higher than the day's closure at $38.9.[29] On April 4, 2016, Alaska Air Group announced that it had agreed to buy Virgin America for $2.6 billion. Including debt and aircraft leases, the transaction was worth approximately $4 billion.[30] Had the merger agreement been terminated by Virgin America, they would have been contractually obligated to pay Alaska Air Group a termination fee equal to $78.5 million.[31]


Virgin America's founder Richard Branson expressed disappointment with the merger between Alaska Airlines and the airline he founded.[32] In July 2016, Virgin America's shareholders approved the merger, leaving the approval by the United States Department of Justice as the only foreseeable hurdle.[33] In September 2016, a lawsuit was filed against Alaska Airlines by consumers to block the merger between the two carriers, which the Alaska Air Group settled in court in December 2016.[34] Subsequently, the Department of Justice approved the merger, which was completed on December 14.[35] Following the acquisition, the former chief financial officer of Alaska Airlines, Peter Hunt, became the president of Virgin America, while the former chief operating officer and president of Alaska Airlines, Ben Minicucci, became the chief executive officer.[36]


Virgin America became the launch customer for the Airbus A321neo, with the airline placing a firm order for 10 aircraft through leasing company GE Capital Aviation Services. The first A321neo was delivered in Hamburg to Virgin America and entered service on May 31, 2017; a total of five A321neos were delivered to Virgin in 2017 and five in 2018.[37] In early February 2017, Alaska Air Group said it was working with GE on an arrangement where it would not take delivery of all 10 ordered jets, in favor of keeping a predominantly Boeing fleet.[38] A presentation given by Alaska Airlines' chief financial officer in March 2017 indicated that Alaska would take delivery of all 10 leased A321neos, and would absorb and operate Virgin America's existing A319 and A320 fleet through at least 2024.[39]


As part of the merger, some of Virgin's amenities would be integrated into Alaska's product.[40] As Alaska Group was licensing the Virgin brand from Virgin Group, Branson indicated a willingness to relaunch the airline after the Virgin America brand was retired.[41]


Virgin America made its final revenue flight under its callsign "Redwood" on January 10, 2018. The next day, on January 11, 2018, the Federal Aviation Administration issued a single operating certificate for a combined Alaska Airlines and Virgin America.[42][43]


Virgin America flights continued to operate using Virgin America aircraft, crew, and brand name until April 25, 2018, when the airlines merged into the same passenger service system. The final Virgin America revenue departure was Flight 1948 at 9:32 PM, traveling from the airline's San Francisco headquarters to its other hub in Los Angeles, while the true final Virgin America departure was an employee charter operating as Flight 1947 from Los Angeles to San Francisco, which departed at 9:35 PM and operated under Virgin America's original "Redwood" callsign.[44] Overnight, the customer-facing portions of the company (including flight numbers, website, and airport check-in kiosks) were converted to use the Alaska Airlines brand.[44]


Although passengers only saw the Alaska Airlines brand online and in airports after April 26, 2018, planes with the Virgin livery are expected to continue to fly until late 2019.[45] Alaska began painting Virgin America's Airbus jets into Alaska colors in January 2018[46] and it is expected to take nearly two years to repaint all planes.[45] Additionally, the Airbus jets will not be fitted with seating similar to Alaska's Boeing jets until September 2018, in another project that will take several months to complete.[45]



Corporate affairs



Business trends


The key trends for Virgin America over recent years are shown below (as at year ending December 31):




























































 2012
 2013
 2014
 2015
Turnover (US$ m)
 1,323
 1,425
 1,490
 1,530
Net Profits (US$ m)
−145.4
 10.1
 60.1
 340.5
Number of employees (full & part-time, year end)
 2,509
 2,660
 2,672
 2,911
Number of passengers (m)
 6.2
 6.3
 6.5
 7.0
Passenger load factor (%)
 79
 80.2
 82.3
 82.2
Number of aircraft (at year end)
53
 53
 60

Notes/sources
[47][48]
[49]
[48][49]
[47][50]
[48][51]
[50][51]
[48]


Offices


Virgin America leased 68,000 square feet (6,300 m2) of space at Bay Park Plaza II (formerly known as the Forbes Building), a building at 555 Airport Boulevard in Burlingame, California in the San Francisco Bay Area, owned, leased, and managed by Equity Office.[52] Virgin America occupied suite 500 in the building, which was located across a lagoon from U.S. Highway 101 (Bayshore Freeway).[52]



Destinations


Main article: List of Virgin America destinations

As of April 2018[update], Virgin America flew to a total of twenty-four destinations, including twenty-one domestic destinations and three destinations in Mexico.[53] Its primary hub was located at the San Francisco International Airport, with its secondary hub at Los Angeles International Airport.[3] Virgin America also operated a Las Vegas - New York (JFK) route as well as flights to and from Dallas Love Field.



Codeshare agreements


The airline had codeshare agreements with the following airlines at the time of the demise:[54][55]




  • Alaska Airlines

  • China Airlines

  • China Eastern Airlines

  • China Southern Airlines

  • Singapore Airlines

  • Virgin Australia




Fleet




Virgin America Airbus A320-200 landing at Chicago O'Hare


As of January 10, 2018, Virgin America's all-Airbus fleet consisted of the following aircraft:[56]






























































Virgin America Fleet
Aircraft
 Fleet Size
 Passengers
 Notes

F
Y+
Y
 Total

Airbus A319-100
 10
 8
 12
 99
 119
 Transferred to Alaska Airlines.[57]

Airbus A320-200
 53
 8
 12
 129
 149
 Transferred to Alaska Airlines.[57]
8
 12
 126
 146

Airbus A320neo
 —
TBA
 Deliveries scheduled 2020–2022.[22]
Order for 30 aircraft transferred to Alaska Airlines, but may be cancelled.[57]

Airbus A321neo
 4
 8
 18
 159
 185
 Transferred to Alaska Airlines.[57]
10 aircraft ordered, but only 4 were delivered to Virgin America.
Total
 67


Cabin




Virgin America economy class




Virgin America First Class



In-flight entertainment


Virgin America offered dual-class service on all flights it operated. Both cabins featured mood lighting and all seats were equipped with either a Panasonic Avionics or an Android personal in-flight entertainment system running a customized touch-screen GUI called Red. In July 2010, the Red software had been upgraded to version 2.0 across the entire fleet. This update included new features such as an updated position mapping system powered by Google Maps, in-flight shopping, and open tab capabilities.[58] The Red system was upgraded again in June 2015, introducing the new Android seatback touch screen service, and a new position mapping system by Flightpath 3D.[59][60]



Seating


First Class seats offered 55 inches (1,400 mm) of pitch and were 21 inches (530 mm) wide. The seats featured power-ports, adjustable headrests, a massage function, tablet friendly tray table (with two positions), and various recline controls. Passengers seated in first class received complimentary meals, refreshments and alcoholic beverages, small amenity kit, long-haul guests received a large duvet & pillow and received dedicated airport check-in, security screening, and aircraft boarding. In first class, Red offered free live satellite television, free on-demand movies, free on-demand television programming and a selection of games. Guests could also utilize GoGo for limited, but free messaging on certain platforms. The front lavatory was for first class guests only.[61]


Main Cabin Select was Virgin America's premium economy product.[62] It was not a distinct class; instead, on the A319-100 and A320-200, the service was located at Main Cabin seats in the exit row and behind the bulkheads. On their A321neo, the service was located in the first three rows of the Main Cabin. Passengers were offered more conveniences than in normal Main Cabin seats and had 38 inches (970 mm) of seat pitch, 17.7 inches (450 mm) of width and dedicated luggage bins. Like in first class, meals, refreshments and alcoholic beverages were free, as were the premium television channels and movies. Airport check-in, security screening, and aircraft boarding were prioritized over Main Cabin passengers. Guests could also utilize GoGo for limited, but free messaging on certain platforms. The lavatories in the back were for all passengers flying in economy, including Main Cabin Select.[62]


Main Cabin seats offered 32 inches (810 mm) of pitch and were 17.7 inches (450 mm) wide with power-ports and adjustable headrests. Following the merger with Alaska Airlines, Red mirrored Alaska's in-flight service by offering live satellite television, on-demand movies, on-demand television shows, and a selection of games for free.[62] In aligning further with Alaska Airlines, all movies and content were free for all guests, regardless of cabin. Furthermore, in addition to the free beverage service, passengers could order more complimentary non-alcoholic beverages, or purchase snacks, meals, special-branded amenity kit, pillow/blanket, and alcoholic beverages from their seats via Red. Guests could also utilize GoGo for limited, but free messaging on certain platforms.[62]



Alaska Air Group had stated that as part of the reconfiguration, the Virgin America First Class seats would be removed and replaced with a different model to streamline the product with the Alaska Airlines product. The seats, while considered a downgrade from the current seats, would have only 41" of seat pitch, slightly more recline than the current Alaska Airlines 737 First Class product, retaining the Virgin America foot rests, and different placement of the powerports. The number of First Class seats would increase from 8 to 16 seats on the A321neo, and from 8 to 12 seats on both the A319 and A320.


Alaska also reconfigured the Virgin America Airbus fleet to include at least 3 rows of Main Cabin Select, which was a significant change as the current configuration included the emergency exit row (or 2nd row in Airbus A320 fleet) as part of Main Cabin Select; these seats would now just be considered preferred seats/extra legroom after integration.[63][64]



Frequent flyer program


Virgin America's frequent flyer program was Elevate, which was discontinued on January 1, 2018. Elevate members were given the option to manually convert Elevate points into Alaska Airlines' Mileage Plan miles until January 31, 2018, with any remaining Elevate points automatically converted on February 8, 2018.[65]


Following the discontinuation of Elevate in January 2018, flights operated by Virgin America could earn credit on Alaska Airlines' Mileage Plan, Hawaiian Airlines Hawaiian Miles,[66] Emirates Skywards,[67] Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer,[68] or Virgin Australia Velocity Frequent Flyer[69] until Virgin America was integrated into Alaska Airlines on April 25, 2018.



References





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Further reading


  • Tuttle, Brad. "Why an Airline That Travelers Love Is Failing." TIME. October 25, 2012.


External links


Media related to Virgin America at Wikimedia Commons



  • Official website

  • Archive of LetVAFly.com












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Lambaréné

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Place in Moyen-Ogooué, Gabon Lambaréné Street in Lambaréné Lambaréné Location in Gabon Coordinates: 0°41′18″S 10°13′55″E  /  0.68833°S 10.23194°E  / -0.68833; 10.23194 Coordinates: 0°41′18″S 10°13′55″E  /  0.68833°S 10.23194°E  / -0.68833; 10.23194 Country   Gabon Province Moyen-Ogooué Population (2013 census)  • Total 38,775 Lambaréné is a town and the capital of Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. With a population of 38,775 as of 2013, it is located 75 kilometres south of the equator. Lambaréné is based in the Central African Rainforest at the river Ogooué. This river divides the city into 3 districts: Rive Gauche, Ile Lambaréné and Rive Droite. The Albert Schweitzer Hospital and the districts Adouma and Abongo are located on Rive Droite. The districts Atongowanga, Sahoty, Dakar, Grand Village, Château, Lalala and Bordamur build the Ile Lambaréné. The majority of the people in Lambaréné live in the district Isaac located on Rive Gauche. This distr
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維納斯堡 (華盛頓州)

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body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center} 維納斯堡 Venersborg （英文） CDP Venersborg, Washington 維納斯堡位置圖 坐标： 45°46′58″N 122°27′43″W  /  45.7828°N 122.462°W  / 45.7828; -122.462 國家   美國 州 華盛頓州 郡 克拉克县 面积  •  总计 27.8 平方公里（10.7 平方英里）  • 陸地 27.8 平方公里（10.7 平方英里）  • 水域 0.0 平方公里（0.0 平方英里） 海拔 155 米（509 英尺） 人口 （2000年）  • 總計 3,274  • 密度 118.0/平方公里（305.6/平方英里） 时区 PST （UTC-8）  • 夏时制 PDT（UTC-7） FIPS碼 53-74585 [1] GNIS編號 1527695 [2] 維納斯堡 （ 英语： Venersborg ）是美国华盛顿州克拉克县的一個普查规定居民点（CDP），2000年美國人口普查時人口為2,085人。 最初為瑞典人聚居地。 參見 維納什堡 参考資料 ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. [ 2008-01-31 ] .   ^ US Board on Geographic Names. United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25 [ 2008-01-31 ] .   查 论 编 克拉克县 行政區劃 郡治 ： 溫哥華 市 巴特爾格朗德 | 卡默斯 | 拉申特 | 里奇菲尔德 | 溫哥華 | 瓦休戈 | 林地市‡ 鎮 亞科爾特 CDP 安波伊 | 巴伯頓 | 布拉什普雷里 | 櫻桃樹叢區 |
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Mononymous person

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Plato, the Greek philosopher, is universally known by a single name. A mononymous person is an individual who is known and addressed by a single name, or mononym. [a] [b] In some cases, that name has been selected by the individual, who may have originally been given a polynym ("multiple name"). In other cases, it has been determined by the custom of the country [c] or by some interested segment. In the case of historical figures, it may be the only one of the individual's names that has survived and is still known today. Contents 1 Antiquity 2 Medieval uses 2.1 Europe 2.2 The Americas 3 Post-medieval uses 3.1 France 3.2 Other Europe 3.3 North America 4 Royalty 5 Modern times 5.1 Mononym-normal 5.2 Asia 5.3 The West 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Antiquity Narmer The structure of persons' names has varied across ti
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