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Colonsay

Gaelic name	Colbhasa
Pronunciation	[ˈkʰɔl̪ˠɔ.əs̪ə] (listen)
Norse name	Colonsey
Meaning of name	Old Norse for 'Columba's isle'
Location
Colonsay Colonsay shown within Argyll and Bute
OS grid reference	NR382938
Coordinates	56°04′N 6°13′W / 56.06°N 6.21°W / 56.06; -6.21
Physical geography
Island group	Islay
Area	4,074 hectares (15.7 sq mi)
Area rank	26 [1]
Highest elevation	143 metres (469 ft)
Administration
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	Scotland
Council area	Argyll and Bute
Demographics
Population	124[2]
Population rank	44[2] [1]
Population density	2.7 people/km2[2][3]
Largest settlement	Scalasaig
References	[3]

Scalasaig Lighthouse

Argyll and Bute
Location	Scalasaig Isle of Colonsay Argyll and Bute Scotland United Kingdom
Coordinates	56°04′01″N 6°10′54″W / 56.066846°N 6.181805°W / 56.066846; -6.181805
Year first constructed	1903 (first) 1957 (second)
Year first lit	2003 (current)
Automated	2003
Deactivated	1957 (first) 2003 (second)
Foundation	reinforced concrete
Construction	metal skeletal tower
Tower shape	quadrangular tower covered by aluminium panels with balcony and light on the top
Markings / pattern	white tower
Tower height	8 metres (26 ft)
Focal height	5 metres (16 ft)
Light source	solar power
Characteristic	Fl (2) w 10s.
Admiralty number	A4200
NGA number	4140
ARLHS number	SCO-202
Managing agent	Northern Lighthouse Board[4]

Colonsay (Scottish Gaelic: Colbhasa) is an island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, located north of Islay and south of Mull. The ancestral home of Clan Macfie and the Colonsay branch of Clan MacNeil, it is in the council area of Argyll and Bute and has an area of 4,074 hectares (15.7 sq mi). Aligned on a south-west to north-east axis, it measures 8 miles (13 km) in length and reaches 3 miles (4.8 km) at its widest point.

Geography and geology

Although Colonsay appears bare and somewhat forbidding on approach from the sea, its landscape is varied, with several beautiful sandy beaches, and a sheltered and fertile interior, unusually well-wooded for a Hebridean island. It is linked by a tidal causeway (called The Strand) to Oronsay. The highest point on the island is Carnan Eoin, 143 metres above sea level.

An Tràigh Bhàn, Kiloran Bay

The Colonsay Group, which takes its name from the island, is an estimated 5,000 m thick sequence of mildly metamorphosed Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks that also outcrop on the islands of Islay and Oronsay and the surrounding seabed. The sequence has been correlated with the Grampian Group, the oldest part of the Dalradian Supergroup.

History

Mesolithic food industry

In 1995 evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut shelling, some 8,000 years ago, was found in a midden pit at Staosnaig on the island's sheltered east coast, in a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7003772000000000000♠7720±110 BP, which calibrates to c. 6000 BCE. Similar sites in Britain and its dependencies are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on the Isle of Man.^[5][6]

This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and forward planning of the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year and pollen analysis suggests that the hazel trees were all cut down at the same time.^[6] The scale of the activity, unparalleled elsewhere in Scotland, and the lack of large game on the island, suggests that Colonsay's inhabitants were largely vegetarian. The pit was originally on a beach close to the shore, and there were two smaller stone-lined pits, whose function remains obscure, a hearth, and a second cluster of pits.^[5]

Early history

The Riasg Buidhe Cross

There are a variety of ruined hill forts on the island such as Dùn Cholla and Dùn Meadhonach. The eighth century Riasg Buidhe Cross has been re-erected in the gardens of Colonsay House. St Cathan's Chapel may date from the 14th century. The ruins of the Chapel of St. Mary are little more than foundations and may date to an even earlier period. in 1549 Dean Monro wrote that Colonsay was "seven myle lange from the northeist to the southwest, with twa myle bredthe, ane fertile ile guid for quhit fishing. It hath ane paroch kirke. This ile is bruikit be ane gentle capitane, callit M’Duffyhe, and pertened of auld to Clandonald of Kyntyre.^[7]

Ownership

During the 18th century the lairds of the island were Macneils, and included Archibald Macneil. Colonsay House was first built by the Mcneil family in 1722.

Since 1904 the house has been the property of the island's later owners, the Barons Strathcona and Mount Royal. Colonsay was owned by Euan Howard, 4th Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal until his death in 2018 and Colonsay House is currently occupied by his elder son, Alexander Howard, 5th Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal and his family.^[8]

In 2013 the Argyll and Bute Council threatened legal action against Alexander Howard over the state of the Rubh' Aird Alanais beach following the significant removal of gravel leading to large holes. Howard infuriated island residents, by accusing them of removing gravel from a beach without permission. Locals said that innocent people had been labelled "thieves" and "peasants". It was later discovered that the gravel had been removed by a builder working on behalf of one of the crofters.^[9]

Present day

The island's population was 124 as recorded by the 2011 census^[2] an increase of nearly 15% since 2001 when there were 108 usual residents.^[10] During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.^[11] Colonsay's main settlement is Scalasaig (Gaelic: Sgalasaig) on the east coast.

Recently there has been a growth of tourism as the mainstay of the island's economy, with numerous holiday cottages, many of them owned and managed by the Isle of Colonsay Estate. The Colonsay Hotel, the only hotel on the island, is also estate owned.^[12]

Colonsay Hotel, the island's only pub and hotel.

The island has a tiny bookshop specialising in books of local interest; it is also the home of the House of Lochar publishing company specialising in Scottish history.^[13] There is a hotel overlooking the harbour,^[14] a cafe and bakery, and a shop and post office. Colonsay's best known beach, Kiloran Bay, is a vast stretch of golden sands and draws locals and tourists alike while maintaining an isolated and peaceful atmosphere.

Colonsay Community Development Company, the local development trust is “engaged in a range of work which reflects a sustainable approach to the regeneration of our island”. Current projects include running the islands coal supply and only petrol pump, a major Rhododendron ponticum eradication programme and a feasibility study into the possibility of improving the harbour and surrounding area.

Scalasaig from the Port Askaig ferry

2007 saw the opening of the Colonsay Brewery, a micro-brewery that employs two people and offers three different products.^[15] Colonsay is the smallest island in the world with its own brewery.^[16]

In 2016 Colonsay Brewery launched a gin, called Wild Island Botanic Gin, distilled with hand gathered wild botanicals from the island. It is distilled at Langley Distillery in a cooperation with master distiller Robb Dorsett.^[17]

Then in February 2017 a company called Wild Thyme Spirits Ltd brought out a product called Colonsay Gin which is believed to be distilled at Strathearn Distillery in Perthshire and sold, unusually, in 50 cl bottles.^[18]

The nature of island life was exemplified by a story reported in 1993 that, at that time, the last recorded crime was treachery against the King in 1623.^[19] In November 2006 a construction worker from Glasgow was arrested and confessed to theft by housebreaking having entered an unlocked house and stolen £60 in cash. Media interest was stirred when it was reported that this was the first recorded crime since 2004 and the "first ever theft from a house".^[20] The next reported crime was in 2013 involving vandalism to a car.^[21]

Colonsay may be the smallest island ever to host a rugby festival, all the more remarkable as there is no permanent rugby pitch.^[22]

Transport

Caledonian MacBrayne ferries sail to Oban and, between April and October, to Kennacraig via Port Askaig on Islay.

In 2006 the former grass airstrip was upgraded and provided with a hard surface in readiness for the introduction of a scheduled air service. Hebridean Air Services operates from Oban Airport and Islay Airport to Colonsay Airport.

The arts

The 1945 film I Know Where I'm Going! directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger was principally shot on Mull and references the fictional "Isle of Kiloran", which was based on Colonsay.^[23] The American author John McPhee, descended from a Colonsay emigrant, spent a summer on Colonsay, out of which was published The Crofter and the Laird in 1969.^[24]

In 2008, Colonsay hosted the first ever Ceòl Cholasa, the island's own folk festival. This has now become an annual event and has seen performances by numerous well-known artists including Phil Cunningham & Aly Bain, Karen Matheson, and Karine Polwart as well as performances from local island musicians.^[25]

Since 2011 the island has held a three-week "Festival of Spring" annually in May. Its aim is to encourage tourism onto the island, with events and activities led by both local inhabitants and visiting guest "speakers/experts".^[26]

A similar event occurs every autumn, called "Connect with Colonsay", which runs over a three-week period in October.

In 2012 the island staged its first annual book festival which featured, amongst others, Alexander McCall Smith, James Robertson, and Scots Makar Liz Lochhead. The line up for 2013 was headed by crime writer Ian Rankin.^[27]

Wildlife

The island is home to a herd of wild goats, and is known for its bird life including black-legged kittiwakes, cormorants, guillemots, corncrakes and golden eagles.

Colonsay and Oronsay are home to about 50 colonies of native subspecies of honeybee in Britain–Apis mellifera mellifera. The Scottish Government introduced the Bee Keeping (Colonsay and Oronsay) Order 2013 to protect the subspecies from cross-breeding and disease, it has suffered serious declines on the mainland and along northern Europe over the past one hundred years. From 1 January 2014 it has been an offence to keep any other honeybee (Apis mellifera) on either island. The Environment and climate Change Minister Paul Wheelhouse MSP said: "The Bee Keeping Order illustrates how our non-native species legislation can be used to protect our native wildlife. The order is a targeted measure to protect an important population of black bees on Colonsay from hybridisation with non-native bees" (the "non-native species legislation" was used because Apis mellifera are considered to be non-native to Colonsay, but considered native to Scotland as it was the first honey bee to be introduced for use in beekeeping there)^[28]

Etymology

Colonsay's name derives from Old Norse and means "Kolbein's island"^[29][30] (although Haswell-Smith offers "Columba's island").^[3] In the 14th century the name was recorded as Coluynsay and by Dean Monro in the 16th century as Colvansay. The modern Gaelic is Colbhasa.^[30] Scalasaig also has a Norse derivation and means "Skali's bay".^[31]

Notable residents

• 
  Donald MacKinnon was born in Kilchattan on Colonsay, in 1839. In 1882, he became the first person appointed to the Chair of Celtic Studies at Edinburgh University. Professor MacKinnon was born on Colonsay in 1839 and held the Celtic Chair from 1882 until his death at Balnahard, Colonsay, in 1914.^[32][33]
  


• 
  John McNeill, recipient of the Victoria Cross.^[34]
  


• 
  Danny Alexander the ex-Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey grew up on Colonsay.^[35]
  

Gallery

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  View over Colonsay and Oronsay to the right, the Paps of Jura in the distance
  

  
  

  
  


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  Between Cable Bay and Sir John's Pool on the south east coast with Islay in the distance.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Macfie Standing Stone
  

  
  

  
  


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  Dùn Eibhinn
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• 
  Colonsay, Saskatchewan, a village in Canada that takes its name from the island.^[36]
  


• List of lighthouses in Scotland


• List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

Notes

References

• 
  Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
  


• Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) Ainmean-àite/Placenames. (pdf) Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

• 
  Monro, Sir Donald (1549) Description of the Western Isles of Scotland. William Auld. Edinburgh - 1774 edition.


• 
  Watson, W. J. (1994). The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh; Birlinn.
  ISBN 1841583235. First published 1926.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonsay.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Colonsay.

• Island at the Edge Colonsay produce website


• Colonsay Brewery Website


• Island web site


• Colonsay "Festival of Spring"


• Colonsay House and gardens


• The Corncrake, Colonsay's newsletter


• Colonsay Estate Website and Holiday Cottages


• Northern Lighthouse Board

Coordinates: 56°4′N 6°13′W / 56.067°N 6.217°W / 56.067; -6.217