东北银行

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日本的银行,参见:东北银行 (日本)。
东北银行,是中共政权为巩固东北根据地政权于1945年10月在沈阳成立的发钞银行。由辽宁省政府直接领导[1],亦属东北行政委员会[2]。
1945年8月,日本无条件投降,东北地区时局混乱。中国共产党随苏联军队进入东北。为控制当地金融市场,中共中央东北局决定成立东北银行。总行设于沈阳大西关的满洲中央银行旧址内。资本金为5亿元的物资,并以国库为担保。下设17个分行,分别是:沈阳、吉林、长春、哈尔滨、营口、锦州、四平街、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、安东、海拉尔、承德、牡丹江、开鲁、黑河、通化、延吉。初期业务为发行纸币、代理国库、存款和发放、内外兑汇。通汇银行主是中共在各解放区领导的银行[1]。时任东北人民自治军后勤部部长[3]的叶季壮任总经理,副总理王企之[1]。
11月8日,开始印发东北银行券,即东北银行地方流通券的前身。12日,在沈阳市开始营业。15日,辽宁省政府发布财字第2号公告,确定东北银行券为东北地方法币。26日,由于中华民国国军攻势,东北银行撤出沈阳。次年1月到达通化。此后,中共军队陆续占领长春、哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔等城市,东北银行逐于4月30日迁至哈尔滨。期间,曾因战势紧张,迁到佳木斯[3]。行址设于合江省银行所在[註 1]。合江省银行并入,改称东北银行合江分行,另择他地营业。7月1日,开始在佳木斯营业。8月开始印制10元、100元的东北银行流通券[2]。同年9月2日,正式回迁哈尔滨[3]。时任总经理曹菊如[1]。1948年11月,解放军攻占沈阳,东北银行迁回沈阳[2]。
东北解放区在战争初期,尚未完全统一,在东北银行不能顾及的地区,解放区自设地方银行,独立发行货币[3]。随着东北解放区的稳定和扩大,东北各地的省以下的地区银行逐渐以合并、撤消、搬迁等方式并入东北银行,使之成为东北地区的发钞行[4]。至中华人民共和国成立后的1950年3月,总计发行东北银行币18个,面值48种,4757亿元。中央政府政务院于1951年3月20日开始统一全国货币。东北银行于4月1日改组为中国人民银行东北区行[1]。
备注
注释
^ 1.01.11.21.31.4 左进亮、黎书文. 《东北解放区货币——东北银行币》. 党史纵横 (辽宁省沈阳市: 中共辽宁省委党史研究室、中共辽宁省委组织部、中共辽宁省委老干部局). 1996, (1996年第6期): 30. ISSN 1003-8361 (简体中文).
^ 2.02.12.2 张志平、张大炜. 东北银行,曾经的金融重地. 编辑:周法界. 佳木斯日报新闻网,来源:三江晚报. 2015-05-22 [2018-09-22] (简体中文).
^ 3.03.13.23.3 沈飞、徐世昌. 《东北银行发行纸币始末》. 收藏 (陕西省西安市: 陕西省文史馆). 2008, (2008年第1期). ISSN 1005-3964 (简体中文).
^ 张文杰. 东北银行发行纸币始末. 贵州都市报数字报. 2011-03-26 [2018-09-22] (简体中文).
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