Tibetan pinyin
The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin, is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in the People's Republic of China for personal names and place names.[citation needed] It is based on the Lhasa dialect of Standard Tibetan and reflects the pronunciation[citation needed] except that it does not mark tone. It is used within China as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script[citation needed] within academic circles; Wylie transliteration (with a v replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.
Contents
1 Overview
1.1 Onsets overview
1.2 Vowels and final consonant
2 Single syllable orthography
2.1 Onsets
2.2 Rimes
3 Intersyllable influence
3.1 Onset variation
3.2 Coda variation
3.3 Examples
4 Examples
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Overview
Onsets overview
Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:
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| g | k | ng | j | q | ny | d | t | n | b | p | m | z | c | w | x | s | y | r | l | h | gy | ky | zh | ch | sh | lh | rh |
For more general case, see #Onsets.
Vowels and final consonant
The 17 vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan pinyin | IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | i | ĩ | in |
| e | ê | ẽ | en |
| ɛ | ai/ä | ɛ̃ | ain/än |
| a | a | ã | an |
| u | u | ũ | un |
| o | o | õ | on |
| ɔ | o | ||
| y | ü | ỹ | ün |
| ø | oi/ö | ø̃ | oin/ön |
Ending a syllable, -r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place, -n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|
| p | b |
| ʔ | g/— |
| r | r |
| m | m |
| ŋ | ng |
Single syllable orthography
The tone of a syllable depends mostly on its initial consonant. In this table, each initial is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowel a and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).
Onsets
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see #Onset variation.
| IPA | Wylie transliteration | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| pá | p, sp, dp, lp | b |
| pà | rb, sb, sbr | b |
| mpà | lb, ’b | b |
| pʰá | ph, ’ph | p |
| pʰà | b | p |
| má | rm, sm, dm, smr | m |
| mà | m, mr | m |
| wà | w, db, b[1] | w |
| tá | t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld | d |
| ntá | lth | d |
| tà | rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd | d |
| ntà | zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d | d |
| tʰá | th, mth, ’th | t |
| tʰà | d, dw | t |
| ná | rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn | n |
| nà | n | n |
| lá | kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl | l |
| là | l, lw | l |
| l̥á | lh | lh |
| tsá | ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts | z |
| tsà | rdz, gdz, brdz | z |
| ntsà | mdz, ’dz | z |
| tsʰá | tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh | c |
| tsʰà | dz | c |
| sá | s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr | s |
| sà | z, zw, gz, bz | s |
| ʈʂá | kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr | zh |
| ʈʂà | rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr | zh |
| ɳʈʂà | mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br | zh |
| ʈʂʰá | khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr | ch |
| ʈʂʰà | gr, dr, br, grw | ch |
| ʂá | hr | sh |
| rà | r, rw | r |
| r̥á | rh | rh |
| cá | ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky | gy |
| cà | rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy | gy |
| ɲcà | mgy, ’gy | gy |
| cʰá | khy, mkhy, ’khy | ky |
| cʰà | gy | ky |
| tɕá | c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy | j |
| tɕà | rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj, dby | j |
| ɲtɕà | lj, mj, ’j, ’by | j |
| tɕʰá | ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy | q |
| tɕʰà | j, by | q |
| ɕá | sh, shw, gsh, bsh | x |
| ɕà | zh, zhw, gzh, bzh | x |
| ɲá | rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy | ny |
| ɲà | ny, my | ny |
| já | g.y | y |
| jà | y | y |
| ká | k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk | g |
| kà | rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg | g |
| ŋkà | lg, mg, ’g | g |
| kʰá | kh, khw, mkh, ’kh | k |
| kʰà | g, gw | k |
| ŋá | rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng | ng |
| ŋà | ng | ng |
| ʔá | —, db | — |
| ʔà | ’ | — |
| há | h, hw | h |
Rimes
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[2] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see Coda variation.
Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").
ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། | ཨག། ཨགས། | ཨབ། ཨབས། | ཨད། ཨས། | ཨང༌། ཨངས། | ཨམ། ཨམས། | ཨན། |
| a | au | ar | ai/ä | ag | ab | ai/ä | ang | am | ain/än |
| [a] | [au̯] | [aː] | [ɛ:] | [aʡ] | [əp̚] | [ɛ] | [aŋ] | [am] | [ɛ̃ː] |
ཨི། | ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། | ཨིར། | ཨིལ། ཨའི། | ཨིག། ཨིགས། | ཨིབ། ཨིབས། | ཨིད། ཨིས། | ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། | ཨིམ། ཨིམས། | ཨིན། |
| i | iu | ir | i | ig | ib | i | ing | im | in |
| [i] | [iu̯] | [iː] | [iː] | [iʡ] | [ip̚] | [i] | [iŋ] | [im] | [ĩː] |
ཨུ། | ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི། | ཨུག། ཨུགས། | ཨུབ། ཨུབས། | ཨུད། ཨུས། | ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། | ཨུམ། ཨུམས། | ཨུན། | |
| u | ur | ü | ug | ub | ü | ung | um | ün | |
| [u] | [uː] | [yː] | [uʡ] | [up̚] | [y] | [uŋ] | [um] | [ỹː] | |
ཨེ། | ཨེར། | ཨེལ། ཨེའི། | ཨེག། ཨེགས། | ཨེབ། ཨེབས། | ཨེད། ཨེས། | ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། | ཨེམ། ཨེམས། | ཨེན། | |
| ê | êr | ê | êg | êb | ê | êng | êm | ên | |
| [e] | [eː] | [eː] | [eʡ] | [ep̚] | [e] | [eŋ] | [em] | [ẽː] | |
ཨོ། | ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། | ཨོག། ཨོགས། | ཨོབ། ཨོབས། | ཨོད། ཨོས། | ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། | ཨོམ། ཨོམས། | ཨོན། | |
| o | or | oi/ö | og | ob | oi/ö | ong | om | oin/ön | |
| [o] | [oː] | [øː] | [oʡ] | [op̚] | [ø] | [oŋ] | [om] | [ø̃ː] |
Intersyllable influence
Onset variation
- Bare low aspirated variation
k*, q*, t*, p*, x*, s*, ky*, ch* become g*, j*, d*, b*, ?*, ?*, gy*, zh* respectively
pa* (་བ) and po* (་བོ) become wa and wo respectively
Coda variation
- Ngoinjug of next syllable
- Prenasalization of next syllable
Examples
Sometimes there is intersyllablic influence:
| Tibetan script | Tibetan pinyin | Wylie (EWTS) | Lhasa IPA | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ། | Mapam Yumco | ma-pham g.yu-mtsho | [mapʰam jumtsʰo] | forward shift of prefix མ |
ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ། | Changzhug Gönba | khra-’brug dgon-pa | [ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭uk k˭ø̃p˭a] |
Examples
| Tibetan Script | Wylie | Tibetan pinyin | Tournadre | other transcriptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ | Gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Zhikatse | Shigatse, Shikatse |
བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་ | Bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Trashilhünpo | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc. |
འབྲས་སྤུང་ | ’Bras-spung | Zhaibung | Dräpung | Drebung |
ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་ | Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan | Qoigyi Gyaicain | Chökyi Gyältshän | Choekyi Gyaltsen |
ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ | Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho | Tubdain Gyaco | Thuptän Gyatsho | Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso |
See also
- Standard Tibetan
- Tibetan alphabet
- Wylie transliteration
- THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
- Hanyu pinyin
Notes
^ as in Namjagbarwa
^ Brush, Beaumont. "The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes" (PDF). SIL. Retrieved 9 May 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
References
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
Zhōngguó Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng hànyǔ pīnyīn Zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ 中国少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法[permanent dead link]
- Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 / Gazetteer of China. (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997);
ISBN 7-5031-1718-4. Contains official spellings for place names.
Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – Lāsàyīn 藏文拼音教材•拉萨音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (Course in the Pöyig Kigajor of Lhasa dialect; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1983),
ISBN 7-105-02577-8. Pöyig Kigajor (ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.- Wylie, Turrell: A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.
- David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).
The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library)
Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN
