國造

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| 日語寫法 | 
| 日語原文 | 
 
国造 
 | 
| 假名 | 
 
くに の みやつこ こくぞう こくそう 
 | 
| 平文式罗马字 | 
 
Kuni no miyatsuko Kokuzō Kokusō 
 | 
國造是日本古墳時代和飛鳥時代設置的地方官,由大和朝廷任命。國造掌握著所轄地域的軍事權和裁判權,實質上是該地方的真正支配者(相當於諸侯),擁有很大的權力。大化改新之後,國造一職被廢除,然而在一些地區仍舊保留著國造一職。但國造沒有實際權力,成為專門主持祭祀的世襲虛職。
國造的訓讀為「みやつこ」,與日本語中「御奴」發音相同,也有「御家之子(御家つ子)」的意思。
大和王權地方最小的行政單位是縣,其長官是縣主。縣之上是國,大和朝廷任命對王權忠誠度高的縣主為國造,賜予臣、連、君、公、直等等的姓氏,以支配當地的縣。根據《隋書倭國傳》記載,6世紀末至7世紀初倭國約有120個國造,每國下置10個稻置(縣的酋長)。
國造的姓如下:
畿內及周邊諸國國造為直姓。
吉備和出雲的國造為臣姓。
山陽道的一部分和南海道的國造為凡直姓。
東海道、東山道御名代的國造為伴造姓。
- 東方的毛野以及西方的筑紫、豐國、肥國的國造為君姓。
 
- ……
 
不同地區的國造,其主要職責也不同。例如,東國的國造負責管理部民和屯倉,出雲的國造負責祭祀神祇,紀伊的國造負責管理朝廷的外交。由於國造在地方的勢力很大,一些國造威脅到了朝廷的統治。筑紫國造磐井控制著整個北九州地區,於527年至528年期間造反,封鎖了倭國通往朝鮮半島的海路,後被繼體天皇鎮壓。
大化改新之後,國造的實際權力被剝奪,成為一個世襲的虛職。而實際統治令制國的權力則被郡司所接管。雖然沒有了政治權力,國造依舊擁有雄厚的經濟實力,並主持著地方的祭祀活動。也有的國造同時兼任郡司一職。然而,到了8世紀後半葉之後,國造一職就逐漸消失了。只有少數的國造,如出雲國造、紀伊國造等依舊保留。
在9世紀著成的《先代舊事本紀》中,有一個專門記載國造的國造本紀,聲稱日本全國共有過135個國造。然而,根據江戶時代學者栗田寬的考證,該書是一部偽書,沒有歷史根據。
參考文獻
- 《大化以前の国造制の構造とその本質 -記紀の「国造」表記と『隋書』「軍尼」の考察を通して-》,大川原龍一著
 
青木書店《歷史學研究》2007年7月号 No.827 p41 - p57
- 三原市史第一巻(通史編一) 地理、原始・古代・中世の通史
 
相關條目
日本的姓(カバネ)
- 氏姓制度
 
筑紫磐井 - 筑紫國造。
先代舊事本紀(國造本紀)
- 國造列表
 
- 古代日本地方官制
 
 
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