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Flame-throated bulbul
Flame-throated bulbul at Dandeli, India
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Pycnonotidae
Genus:	Pycnonotus
Species:	P. gularis
Binomial name
Pycnonotus gularis (Gould, 1836)
Synonyms
Brachypus gularis protonym Pycnonotus melanicterus gularis Brachypus rubineus Jerdon, 1839[2] Rubigula gularis

The flame-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus gularis) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found only in the forests of the Western Ghats in southern India. Formerly included as a subspecies of Pycnonotus flaviventris it has since been elevated to the status of a full species. They are olive backed with yellow undersides, a triangular orange-red throat and a white iris that stands out against the contrasting black head. They are usually seen foraging in groups in the forest canopy for berries and small insects. They have a call often with two or three tinkling notes that can sound similar to those produced by the red-whiskered bulbul. The species has been referred to by names in the past such as ruby-throated bulbul and black-headed bulbul, but these are ambiguous and could apply to other species such as Pycnonotus flaviventris and P. dispar.

Taxonomy and systematics

The species was described by John Gould in December 1835 (but published in 1836) based on a specimen in the Zoological Society of London that had been obtained from Travancore State. Gould noted that it was very similar to Brachypus dispar (now Pycnonotus dispar) that had been described by Thomas Horsfield and placed the new species likewise in the genus Brachypus as B. gularis.^[4] Viscount Walden suggested that this had already been described by Jerdon as Brachypus rubineus and called as the "ruby-throated bulbul" (although this name was published later).^[5] This was later included as a subspecies of a larger number of similar bulbuls in the Asian region under a broadly circumscribed Pycnonotus melanicterus.^[6] With the re-resurgence of the phylogenetic species concept, the isolated population in the Western Ghats of India was separated as the flame-throated bulbul. The crested populations in the Eastern Ghats and Himalayas that lack the red throat which were treated as subspecies flaviventris were also elevated into full species as Pycnonotus flaviventris. Pycnonotus melanicterus in the new and narrow circumscription only included the Sri Lankan population referred to as the black-capped bulbul. This treatment was followed by Pamela Rasmussen in Birds of South Asia and the Handbook of the Birds of the World which were both published in 2005 by Lynx Edicions.^[7][8] A 2017 study noted that the Western Ghats P. gularis and Sri Lankan P. melanicterus were closely related within the clade that includes P. montis, P. dispar, and P. flaviventris (the older and broader circumscription of melanicterus).^[3]

Description

The white iris is distinctive

The flame-throated bulbul is about 18 cm long with an olive green back and yellow underparts, a squarish black head without a crest, an orange-red throat. The iris is white and contrasts with the dark head. The legs are brown and the gape is yellowish-pink. The bill is dark brown to black. The plumage of young birds has not been described.^[9]

Distribution and habitat

The flame-throated bulbul is found in the Western Ghats from southern Maharashtra and Goa southwards. It is a bird of forest that is only rarely seen at the edges of forests or inside coffee plantations.^[9]

Behaviour and ecology

The flame-throated bulbul keeps in small flocks and feeds on berries, including those of Lantana sp. It inhabits evergreen forests often along streams and valleys. The flame-throated bulbul feeds on fruit and insects,^[9] sometime in mixed species foraging flocks.^[10]

Populations appear to move seasonally within the Western Ghats.^[11]

The breeding season is mostly from February to April. The nest is a small cup, placed in undergrowth from 1 to 3 metres from the ground level and is usually made of yellowing leaves bound with cobwebs and can easily be mistaken for a wind-blown accumulation of dry leaves.^[9][12]

References

External links

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  Media related to Pycnonotus gularis at Wikimedia Commons