江湖

Multi tool use
關於劉德華與張學友主演的黑幫電影,見江湖 (電影)。
關於地理學上的湖泊,見湖泊。
江湖与河流、湖泊并无关系,也不是一个实际存在的场所,它是指四处流浪、卖艺、卖药的人的一种生活状态。在中国文化中有多重引申含义。指遠離朝廷與公家的民间;在许多中国文学中,尤其是武侠小说中,江湖则是侠客们的活动范围;甚至也是黑社會的代称。
用法
古籍中提及“江湖”,大多表示漂泊于政府意识形态和生活方式(“庙堂”,或者朝廷)之外的意识形态和生活方式。如官场不得志的士大夫可用身处江湖、漂泊江湖等詞句来形容自己的流离处境,在唐傳奇中,江湖亦表示远离朝廷的民间社会。
到了宋元话本中,“江湖”则演变成了鬥毆比武的场所。元末明初的经典章回小说《水浒传》,更将人们心中的“江湖”定位在“黑道”與“遊俠”等概念上。此一概念沿用发展至近现代,融入流行文化中,(尤其是武侠文化中),江湖被用来指武侠们的活动圈子,江湖即武林。用法如:武侠小说《笑傲江湖》。
“黑道”的意义也在一定范围内得以沿用。如香港電影《江湖》就是2004年一部講述黑社會的作品(參看江湖 (電影))
词源
《庄子》
据目前考证,《庄子》是第一部使用此名词的著作,原意均指河流和湖泊。但作为寓言性、启示性作品,这个词被赋予了“在(官方)控制之外”的含义。
- 最早见于《庄子·内篇·逍遥游第一》:“今子有五石之瓠,何不虑以为大樽而浮乎江湖,而忧其瓠落而无所容?”
- 《庄子·内篇·大宗师第六》,《庄子·外篇·天运第十四》:“泉涸,鱼相与处于陆,相呴以湿,相濡以沫,不如相忘于江湖。”
- 《庄子·内篇·大宗师第六》:“鱼相忘于江湖,人相忘于道术。”
- 《庄子·外篇·至乐第十八》,《庄子·外篇·达声第十九》:“夫以鸟养鸟者,宜栖之深林,游之坛陆,浮之江湖。”
- 《庄子·外篇·山水第二十》:“夫风狐云豹,栖于深林,伏于岩穴,静也;夜行昼居,戒也;虽饥渴隐约,犹旦胥疏于江湖之上而求食焉,定也;然且不免于罔罗机辟之患。
典籍
司马迁《史记·货殖列传》:范蠡“乃乘舟浮于江湖。”
李商隐《无题》:“永忆江湖归白发,欲回天地入扁舟。”
范仲淹《岳阳楼记》:“居庙堂之高,则忧其民;处江湖之远,则忧其君”
另類說法
也有一種說法為,現今人們所認知的「江湖」產生於唐代的浙江、湖南的禪宗。
参看
- 以「江湖」開頭的條目
- 武林
- 綠林
- 玄學
- 武侠文化
- 黑道
- 黑社会
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