飞机弹射器

Multi tool use

F-14雄貓式戰鬥機準備連接到薩拉託加號(CV-60)的一個蒸氣彈射器上
舰载机弹射器或艦載彈射器(英语:aircraft catapult)是一种从舰只、特别是航空母艦上弹射飞机的装置。目前大多数航母配备的是蒸汽彈射器,而美国下一代福特級核動力航空母艦将配备更先进的電磁彈射器。
歷史
英国人发明了液壓弹射器。不過液壓式彈射器,彈射能量極小,日本則嘗試用火藥爆炸的威力來彈射飛機(但只成功實用在水上飛機的彈射上)。
從1920年代開始,包含巡洋艦以上的艦種開始搭載了可觀測敵情之水上飛機以回報給艦砲射手砲擊目標位置、炮口仰角等參數;而這些戰艦上的水上飛機彈射器是以液壓式或者火藥爆炸推動使水上飛機升空。戰艦上的水上飛機返航後,戰艦尾部的起重機會將水上飛機重新吊起並再次安置在彈射器上。
初期的美國、日本、英國等國航空母艦上,由於艦載機尚能以自身動力再加上航空母艦以高航速逆風航行時所產生的相對逆風就從航艦甲板上起飛,因此一開始並沒有裝設彈射器。但隨著艦載機重量的提升,所需起飛速度也越來越高,而比較小型的輕型航空母艦和慢速的護航航空母艦將面臨無法使用新型艦載機的問題。英國從皇家方舟號開始正式配置液壓彈射器,而美國一開始也在遊騎兵和約克鎮級上裝設液壓彈射器,但在太平洋戰爭爆發後發現液壓彈射器仍不能在實戰中滿足正規航母的需求,因此全部拆除,艾塞克斯級則裝上改良過的液壓彈射器,而企業號也在換裝F6F時,裝回了彈射器,液壓彈射器的實用化讓艦載機可以在航母低航速時就能起飛,也因為減少了起飛距離,使得飛行甲板上能放置艦載機的空間變多,增加了一次可以出擊的艦載機數量。日本方面則因為一直沒有成功開發出艦載機用的飛機彈射器,這導致相較於盟軍方,日本航母在起飛程序時花費時間比較長,一次能出擊的艦載機也比較少,也導致既有的輕航母無法換裝新型機,只能使用舊型機種的窘境,以及諸如天山和流星等新型攻擊機在武裝滿載時必須靠火箭助推才能從正規航母上起飛等等問題。
自從航艦艦載機進入了噴射機時代後,由於艦載機的重量和所需起飛速度都相當高,單憑艦載機本身是不可能在航艦上起飛的,於是從越南戰爭起,美軍航艦上開始廣泛使用蒸氣彈射器;而飛機彈射器後方會配備可升降的導流板以擋住飛機起飛時排放的高熱廢氣,因為飛機在航艦上起飛得將引擎全開並啟動後燃器,將引擎出力達到最大狀態方可起飛。
1960年,美國人又研製成功了內燃式彈射器,並將這種彈射器安裝在企業號航空母艦上。不過,這種內燃彈射器至今仍不能令人滿意,所以蒸汽彈射器仍是主流,而企業號上除了裝備內燃彈射器之外,還裝備有蒸汽彈射器。
而進入21世紀後,彈射器由蒸氣推動方式演變為電磁推動的方式。如預計於2015年時開始服役的美軍第三代核動力航空母艦,福特級核動力航空母艦將搭載四具電磁彈射器(EMALS)與先進降落攔截索系統(AAG)以配合未來的艦載機設計之需求,甚至能起降無人飛機。
参见
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维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:飞机弹射器
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- 海军航空兵
- 電磁彈射器
- 蒸氣彈射器
現代美國海軍艦載機之操作(Modern United States Navy carrier air operations)
參考文獻
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- London, Peter. British Flying Boats. Stoud, UK: Sutton Publishers Ltd., 2003. ISBN 0-7509-2695-3.
外部連結
- 1940s video of floatplane launch
- 1960 Royal Navy instructional video for deck crews
- 央視-中國彈射器實驗裝置
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