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Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
; Bay Ridge, Brooklyn; ; Yellow Hook;
	Neighborhood of Brooklyn
	; Streetscape in Bay Ridge;
	Nickname(s): "The Ridge";
	; Location in New York City;
	Coordinates: 40°37′26″N 74°01′55″W / 40.624°N 74.032°W / 40.624; -74.032Coordinates: 40°37′26″N 74°01′55″W / 40.624°N 74.032°W / 40.624; -74.032;
Country	; United States;
State	; New York;
City	; New York City;
Borough	Brooklyn
Government ;
• Council Member	Justin Brannan
• New York State Senator	Andrew Gounardes
Area ;
• Total	2.12 sq mi (5.49 km2)
• Land	2.12 sq mi (5.49 km2)
• Water	0 sq mi (0 km2)
Population (2010); ;
• Total	79,371
• Density	37,000/sq mi (14,000/km2)
ZIP code	11209, 11220;
Area code(s)	; 718, 347, 929, and 917;

Neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City

Bay Ridge is an upper-middle-class residential neighborhood in the southwest corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded by Sunset Park on the north, Dyker Heights on the east, the Narrows and the Belt Parkway on the west, and Fort Hamilton Army Base and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge on the south.

The section of Bay Ridge south of 86th Street is sometimes considered part of a sub-neighborhood called Fort Hamilton.

Bay Ridge has hundreds of churches scattered thought the neighborhood.

History

Night view of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge from Shore Road

George Bradford Brainerd, Bay Ridge, c. 1872 – c. 1887 Brooklyn Museum

The first Dutch settlers began farming here in the 17th century.^[4] Well into the 19th century, what is now considered Bay Ridge consisted of two sister villages: Yellow Hook to the north, named for the color of the soil, and Fort Hamilton to the south, named for the military installation at its center. The latter began to develop in the 1830s as a resort destination.^[5] The former began to develop after 1850, when a group of artists moved to the area and founded a colony called Ovington Village; before that, it was mostly farmland.^[6]

In the 1850s, the village changed the community’s name to avoid association with yellow fever.^[7]^[8] "Bay Ridge" was suggested by local horticulturist James Weir after the area’s most prominent geographic features: the high ridge that offered views of New York Bay.^[9]^[10] The natural beauty attracted the wealthy, who built country homes along Shore Road, overlooking the water.^[11] Suburban development in Bay Ridge continued through the 1890s.^[12] By World War II, almost all of these large houses had been replaced with apartment buildings.^[11]

Development accelerated once planning began for the Fourth Avenue subway (today's R train), and was well underway by the time the section of the subway in Bay Ridge opened in 1916.^[13] At the time, Bay Ridge extended northward to what is now present-day Sunset Park.^[14] Industrial developments were constructed along the waterfront north of present-day 65th Street, such as Bush Terminal (now Industry City), and those were considered to be within Bay Ridge.^[15] By the 1920s, the number of apartment buildings had increased fivefold, replacing old farms, homesteads and houses.^[16]

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many Norwegian and Danish sailors emigrated to Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge and neighboring Sunset Park; Lapskaus Boulevard, referring to the salted Norwegian beef stew, was the nickname of Eighth Avenue in this area.^[17]

Construction of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, which connects Bay Ridge to Staten Island, was completed in 1964. Though now an iconic structure, it was opposed by residents because it would require the demolition of many homes and businesses. Eight hundred buildings were destroyed, displacing 7,000 people, to make room for the bridge and its approach. Also destroyed was Fort Lafayette, part of New York City's defense system along with Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island; it was replaced by the base of the bridge's east tower.^[18]

The Senator Street Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.^[19] The Houses at 216-264 Ovington Ave. were listed in 2007.^[19]

Bay Ridge's Arab community is a strong and vibrant one, and its presence is evident in everything from coffee shops to Babel Barber Shop, pictured above in the wake of the January 2016 snow storm.

The 2007 Brooklyn tornado hit this area, specifically 68th Street and Bay Ridge Avenue between Third and Fourth Avenues.^[20] Eleven houses had to be vacated after they suffered significant damage, and many of the trees on the two blocks toppled, landing on cars and stoops. The 4th Avenue Presbyterian Church had its very large stained glass window blown out.^[21] As the tornado lifted, it peeled the roof of a nearby Nissan dealership and deforested 40% of Leif Ericson Park. The tornado has been rated an EF-2 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, with winds between 111 and 135 MPH.^[22]

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Bay Ridge was 79,371, a decrease of 1,168 (1.5%) from the 80,539 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,571.96 acres (636.15 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 50.5 inhabitants per acre (32,300/sq mi; 12,500/km²).^[2]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 66.4% (52,740) White, 1.8% (1,457) Black, 0.1% (83) Native American, 13.3% (10,530) Asian, 0.0% (19) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (265) from other races, and 2.1% (1,682) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.9% (12,595) of the population.^[23]

The median income for a household in the neighborhood was $141,757, and the median income for a family was $153,227. Males had a median income of $100,000+ versus $61,098 for females. The per capita income for the neighborhood was $65,086. About 1.4% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

Community

Culture and demographic makeup

Bay Ridge is an affluent neighborhood. With its strong family presence, it is not uncommon to see third or fourth generation families living in the region. Until the early 1990s, Bay Ridge was a primarily Irish, Italian, Greek, Lebanese, Syrian, Palestinian, and Norwegian^[24] neighborhood. Its Nordic heritage is still apparent in the annual Norwegian Constitution Day Parade, also known as the Syttende Mai Parade, featuring hundreds of people in folk dress who parade down Third Avenue. The celebration ends in Leif Ericson Park, named for the Viking explorer, where "Miss Norway" is crowned near the statue of Leif Ericson. The statue was donated by Crown Prince Olav, Prince of Norway, on behalf of the nation of Norway in 1939.^[25]^[26] Nordic Delicacies, a Norwegian gifts-and-groceries store, remained open until 2015.^[27]

As of 1971, the 30,000-strong Norwegian community of Bay Ridge boasted that it was the fourth-largest Norwegian city in the world.^[28] Residents also compared Eighth Avenue's string of Norwegian businesses to Oslo's Karl Johans gate.^[28]

Bay Ridge's Norwegian heritage lives on today in the Valhalla Courts. While the Norse god Odin ruled the mythic hall from which the courts take their name, it is mostly local teenagers who rule these basketball playing areas.

Today, Bay Ridge's population is around 80,000^[29] and maintains a sizable Irish, Italian, and Greek population. Like other areas in southern and southwestern Brooklyn, an influx of Russian, Polish, and Lebanese arrived later in the 20th century, as well as lesser numbers of Chinese. In recent decades many Middle Eastern and Arab Americans have moved to Bay Ridge. It has even been referred to as "the heart of Brooklyn's Arab community."^[30]

Bay Ridge has many ethnic restaurants, especially along Third and Fifth Avenues, its main commercial strips. The neighborhood is said to have had more bars than anywhere in the world, according to neighborhood lore.^[31]^[32]

Bay Ridge has a large elderly population. It has been called a naturally occurring retirement community (NORC) because many of its families have grown up in the neighborhood while their children moved away. In 2006, it was reported that 20% of the population of Bay Ridge is 60 years of age or more.^[33]

News

Local newspapers include The Home Reporter, Sunset News, The Bay Ridge Courier, and Bay Ridge News. The neighborhood is also often covered by The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. (These papers publish other local offshoots: The Home Reporter also publishes The Spectator; the Courier's parent company also publishes The Brooklyn Paper; and the Eagle publishes a weekly digest called Bay Ridge Life.)

Development

Development has been a passionate issue for Bay Ridge residents. In the 1990s and 2000s, many decades-old two-family houses were demolished and replaced by condominiums known colloquially as "Fedder Homes," after the branded air conditioners poking out from the buildings' facades. In 2005, local community leaders and community activists from across the political spectrum united to issue rezoning laws.^[34]

The six-story apartment complexes lining Shore Road are among the tallest buildings in the neighborhood.^[29]

Bay Ridge was chosen as an "Editor's Pick" in This Old House magazine April 2011 as a good neighborhood to buy an old house.^[35]

Locations

Landmarks and points of interest

Hurricane damage in Owl's Head Park

69th Street Pier

Historically speaking Bay Ridge has long been opposed to ball playing, and traces of this staunch position remain to this day on side streets stretching off of Fifth Avenue.

From harbor

The park strip between the shore road and Narrows

The American Veterans Memorial Pier (commonly referred to as the 69th Street Pier) at Bay Ridge Avenue and Shore Road is the community's key seaside recreation spot. Sports fishermen travel to fish the waters of "The Bay Ridge Anchorage" and along the seawall promenade that runs south from the pier to the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and east along Gravesend Bay. The pier features a sculpture that emits a beam of light as a memorial to those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001. Commuter ferry service operated between this pier and the St. George Ferry Terminal in Staten Island from 1912 until 1964, the year the Verrazzano Bridge opened.^[36] Ferry service to Wall Street and points along the western coast of Brooklyn began in 2017 from the pier as part of NYC Ferry's South Brooklyn route.^[37]

Farrell House, which has been at 125 95th St. since the early twentieth century, is one of many old mansions in Bay Ridge, and it is now an official landmark. An accompanying structure, thought to have been used as a barn, couldn't be saved and was demolished. Legend has it the house was turned so that its "widow's walk," a balcony that traditionally faces the sea so women left at home could watch for their husbands' ships, would no longer face the Narrows.^[38]

Fort Hamilton, an active military base near the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, houses one of the neighborhood's few cultural attractions, the Harbor Defense Museum.^[39]

Owl's Head Park (also known as Bliss Park), in the neighborhood's northwest corner, was previously the private estate of the Bliss Family, for whom nearby Bliss Terrace is named. They sold what remained of the estate to the city in 1928 for $850,000, after Eliphalet Williams Bliss specified in his will 25 years earlier that he wanted the city to buy the land and convert it into parkland. Before them, a portion of the property was owned by Henry C. Murphy, a former Mayor of Brooklyn, ambassador, congressman and New York State Senator for whom the nearby Senator Street is named. Remnants of the estate—mansion, stable, observation tower—were still visible into the 1930s and 40s, when they were finally demolished, having been left to fall into disrepair.^[40] It is a 24-acre (97,000 m²) walking park^[41] that has a state of the art skate park, dog run, children's playground and basketball courts; it has the first concrete skatepark built in Brooklyn.^[42]

Step streets are public staircases in the middle of a street. As a rule they were placed on hills that were too steep to build a road for cars but still allow access to pedestrians. ^[43]

St. John's Episcopal Church^[44] was where Robert E. Lee served as a vestryman and where his future "right hand," Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, was baptized.^[45] The building no longer hosts services.^[46]

Fort Hamilton Army Base

Historic Fort Hamilton Army Base is located in the southwestern corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, with gates in Bay Ridge and Dyker Heights, and is one of several posts that are part of the region which is headquartered by the Military District of Washington. Its mission is to provide the New York metropolitan area with military installation support for the Army National Guard and the United States Army Reserve. The base is considered to be part of Bay Ridge. The children stationed at the base are zoned into Bay Ridge schools.

Services

Bay Ridge is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 68th^[47] Precinct. It is served by Engine 241, Engine 242, and Ladder 109 of the New York City Fire Department. Bay Ridge is also served by a BRAVO Volunteer Ambulance.

Transportation

The area is served by the R train on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway between Bay Ridge Avenue and
95th Street.^[48]

Additionally, there are MTA express bus routes X27, X37 which mainly serve for the commute to Manhattan, but also run during off-peak hours on weekdays. The X27 also runs on weekends. The routes X28, X38 also serve the eastern part of Bay Ridge. Many Bay Ridge commuters opt for the relative comfort and convenience of the express bus. Bay Ridge is readily accessible by car, encircled by the Belt Parkway and Gowanus Expressway. Local bus routes include B1, B4, B8, B9, B16, B37, B63, B64, B70, S53, S79 SBS, S93.^[49]

The freight-only Bay Ridge Branch connects car floats to the Long Island Rail Road.

In June 2017, Bay Ridge became the terminus of NYC Ferry's South Brooklyn route.^[50]^[51]^[52]

Education

Breaking ground on Bay Ridge High School, 1914

High School of Telecommunications

Primary and secondary schools

New York City Department of Education operates area public schools. Educational institutions in Bay Ridge include; P.S. 102,^[53] P.S. 170, P.S. 127, P.S. 185^[54] (Walter Kassenbrock Elementary School), P.S. 104^[55] (called the Fort Hamilton School), P.S. 264 ^[56] (Bay Ridge Elementary School for the Arts), Lutheran Elementary School, St. Anselm's Roman Catholic School, P.S./I.S. 30^[57] (also known as Mary White Ovington), I.S.259 (also known as William McKinley Junior High School) Angels Catholic Academy^[58] Holy Bay Ridge Preparatory School,^[59]Fort Hamilton High School, High School of Telecommunications (originally all-girls Bay Ridge High School), Poly Prep Country Day School, Visitation Academy, Adelphi Academy, Fontbonne Hall Academy, St. Patrick Elementary School, D., G. Kaloidis Parochial School,^[60] and Xaverian High School. Fort Hamilton High School, between 83rd and 85th streets, was erected in the 1940s on the grounds of the Crescent Athletic Club, a country club. The High School of Telecommunications was formerly Bay Ridge High School, which was once an all-girls school.

Libraries

Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) operates two public libraries in the neighborhood. The Bay Ridge Library is the larger of the two, and is located at 7223 Ridge Boulevard at 73rd Street. The Bay Ridge Reading Club first organized the library in 1880. It opened on its present site in 1896 and became a BPL branch in 1901. The current two story facility opened in 1960. In 2004 it received a $2.1 million renovation, including new furniture and shelving, new lighting equipment, a new roof, and 27 additional public access computers.^[61]

The Fort Hamilton Library, located at 9424 Fourth Avenue between 94th and 95th Streets, was built as a Carnegie library in 1906. The current branch's predecessor became a part of the BPL system in 1901 and moved to its current location in 1905. Since then it has gone through numerous renovations. The most recent renovation was completed in March 2011.^[62]

Politics

For many years Bay Ridge was regarded as a relatively conservative enclave of Brooklyn.^[63] Mike Long, Chairman of the Conservative Party of New York, resided in Bay Ridge. The community was considered a Republican stronghold through most of its history. An exception was Democrat Sal Albanese, who was elected to the neighborhood's City Council seat in 1983, defeating the 21-year incumbent Republican-Conservative Minority Leader Angelo G. Arculeo, and went on to represent the district for 15 years. This political landscape began to change with population shifts over the 1990s and early 2000s, when the mostly-white population began to diversify.

The community supported the Democratic Party during many presidential elections.^[64]^[65] In the 2010s, the neighborhood has increasingly supported Democrats, such as City Councilmember Justin Brannan, who was elected in 2017.^[66]^[67]

The neighborhood is part of New York's 11th congressional district, represented by Democrat Max Rose as of 2019^[update].^[68] It is also part of the 22nd State Senate district, represented by Democrat Andrew Gounardes,^[69] and the 46th and 64th State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrat Mathylde Frontus and Republican Nicole Malliotakis.^[70]

The neighborhood is served by Brooklyn Community Board 10.

Notable people

Maria Bartiromo – Fox News anchor, grew up in Bay Ridge, where her family owned an Italian restaurant^[71]

Bob Berg – jazz saxophonist

Ed Bishop – actor, best known for his portrayal of Commander Ed Straker in the TV series, UFO

Richard Bright – actor

Jason Calacanis – popular technology entrepreneur and founder of Silicon Alley Reporter

Chuck Connors – actor of The Rifleman fame, grew up on Senator Street between 3rd and 4th Avenues, and attended Adelphi Academy.^[72]

Bill Corbett— writer and actor known for his work on the later seasons of Mystery Science Theater 3000 grew up in the neighborhood

C. C. DeVille (Bruce Anthony Johannesson) – guitarist of the 1980s glam band Poison grew up in Bay Ridge, attending P.S. 102, McKinley JHS, and Fort Hamilton H.S.

Chris Distefano – comedian from Guy Code, Girl Code, Bay Ridge Boys, History Hyenas

John Eder – Green Party Leader and politician, grew up in Bay Ridge and attended P.S. 102

Jimmy Fallon – television host, comedian, actor, singer, musician, and producer^[73]

Joel Gertner – professional wrestling TV personality, a graduate of Poly Prep, and current resident of Bay Ridge

Robert Ginty – actor who played Lt. T.J. Wiley in TV series Baa Baa Black Sheep

John Gray – creator and writer of the Ghost Whisperer TV series

Emmett Grogan – novelist and counterculture icon ^[74]

Willard F. Jones – naval architect, head of National Safety Council's marine section and Vice President of Gulf Oil^[75]

James Hayden – actor

Jackie Kelk – actor ^[76]

Stonewall Jackson – Confederate General, once stationed at Fort Hamilton^[77]

Lordz of Brooklyn members Adam "ADM" McLeer and Michael "Mr. Kaves" McLeer – born in and still resides in Bay Ridge

Robert E. Lee – Confederate General, once stationed at Fort Hamilton^[77]

Allyn Ann McLerie – actress known for They Shoot Horses Don't They?, Punky Brewster and more.^[78]

Giulia Melucci – author of I Loved, I Lost, I Made Spaghetti, grew up in Bay Ridge and attended Visitation Academy

Daniel J. Murphy – US Navy Admiral, chief of staff to George H.W. Bush during his first term as vice president

Yannis Pappas – comedian, Bay Ridge Boys, History Hyenas

Pee Wee Reese – Brooklyn Dodger. Lived in a brick duplex at 9712 Barwell Terrace, off 97th Street.^[79]

Jerry Rosenberg – owner of JGE Appliance Stores, and pitchman of various local businesses in the New York Tri-State area throughout the 1970s^[80]

Lillian Russell – operetta singer and vaudeville actress

Frank Seminara – former professional baseball player

Brittney Savage – pro wrestler

Hubert Selby Jr. – novelist (Last Exit to Brooklyn, Requiem for a Dream)^[81]

Brandon Silvestry – professional wrestler better known by his ring name, Low Ki.

Duke Snider – Brooklyn Dodger, rented 178 Marine Avenue during the baseball season^[82]

Gilbert Sorrentino – novelist, poet, and editor^[83]

Janet Yellen – former chairperson of the Federal Reserve, attended Fort Hamilton High School and lived on Ridge Boulevard^[84]

Henny Youngman – comedian^[85]

In popular culture

Books

David Benioff's debut novel The 25th Hour (2001) and its 2002 film adaptation are partially set in Bay Ridge

Two of Lawrence Block's Matthew Scudder novels, When the Sacred Ginmill Closes and A Walk Among the Tombstones, are partially set in Bay Ridge ^[86]

Kenneth H. Brown's The Narrows (1970) is set in Bay Ridge during the 1950s ^[87]

The Fort Hamilton army base is the setting for most of Nelson DeMille's novel Word of Honor (1985)^[88]

Tom McDonough's novel Virgin with Child is set in Bay Ridge^[89]

Several short stories by Hubert Selby, Jr. are set in the neighborhood, including "Liebesnacht" and "Double Feature."^[90] Some of his novels are also set in the neighborhood or nearby, like Last Exit to Brooklyn and The Demon.^[91]

Several novels by Gilbert Sorrentino are set in the neighborhood, including Steelwork, Red the Fiend, Crystal Vision, A Strange Commonplace, Little Casino, and The Abyss of Human Illusion.^[92]

Films

Parts of the film Brooklyn Rules (2007) were set and filmed in Bay Ridge.

Mark Ruffalo's character in the film "Margaret" (2011) lives near the Bay Ridge – 95th Street subway station

The Narrows (2008), starring Kevin Zegers and Sophia Bush, is set in Bay Ridge. It was based on Tim McLoughlin's novel Heart of the Old Country.

In the action film Out for Justice (1991), Steven Seagal has many scenes set in Bay Ridge and Dyker Heights, which is home to one of the movie's actors, Sonny Hurst, who plays "Tattoo" in the infamous scene in the pool hall where he gets his teeth knocked out with an eightball

The movie Saturday Night Fever (1977) was set in Bay Ridge as well as Sunset Park and Bensonhurst ^[93]

The runaway subway train in the film Spider-Man 2 (2004) was destined for the Bay Ridge – 95th Street subway station

In the film The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Jordan Belfort's wife Naomi is frequently referred to as "The Duchess of Bay Ridge"

Parts of the movie Then She Found Me (2007) with Bette Midler and Helen Hunt were shot on 76th Street

The film White Irish Drinkers (2010), directed by John Gray, is set in Bay Ridge^[94]

Television shows

NYPD Commissioner Frank Reagan (Tom Selleck) on CBS-TV's Blue Bloods lives in Bay Ridge; his home at 8070 Harbor View Terrace, near Fort Hamilton High School, is seen in each episode^[95]

The 2012 reality series Brooklyn 11223 was set in Bay Ridge ^[96]

In an episode^{[clarification needed]} of Law & Order: SVU, Det. Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni) states that he is from 89th Street and Shore Road

Peggy Olson, the Norwegian-American copywriter on AMC's Mad Men, is from Bay Ridge^[97] In the second episode of Season One, she declared, "I'm from Bay Ridge. We have manners."

Parts of the show Rescue Me are set in the neighborhood

In the television program Ugly Betty,^{[clarification needed]} the character of Justin is shocked that Hilda and Bobby have found a place in Bay Ridge, and instead explains that Manhattan is much more realistic due to the recession

References

^ Census Shapefile for 2014 Zip Code Tabulation Areas Area of 11209 Zip Code Tabulation Area

^ ^a^b Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.

^ "Brooklyn Community District 10 - New York City Department of City Planning". nyc.gov..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

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^ Gallagher, Frank (May 3, 1908). "SOUTH BROOKLYN IS PORT OF FUTURE; It Will Relieve Manhattan's Congestion and Provide Berths for Largest Ships. FINE PIER ACCOMMODATION Trains Run Alongside Vessels and Save Cost of Handling Freight -- Room for Manufacturers". The New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2018.

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^ "Harbor Defense Museum of Fort Hamilton".

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^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-03. Retrieved 2007-02-26.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

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