文化鬥爭





Confusion grey.svg  提示：本条目的主题不是無產階級文化大革命。



德國諷刺報刊《喧聲》的一幅政治漫畫描繪當時文化鬥爭的情況，圖中兩人分別為教宗（右）與俾斯麥。教宗：「無可否認，最後此舉讓我不愉快，但我沒有在這次鬥爭中輸掉；我還有一步非常漂亮的秘招。」俾斯麥：「這也將是最後一步，然後你會在幾個回合內被將死──至少在德國。」


文化鬥爭（德語：Kulturkampf ，字面意思為「文化的鬥爭」）是指普魯士王國與羅馬天主教會在1870年代的政治角力。[1] 當時普魯士王國首相卑斯麥於1871年到1878年所頒布的德國政策，目的是旨在減少羅馬天主教會對普魯士的影響和權力。該政策最終失敗告吹。天主教組織了一個強大的新政黨，而卑斯麥也跟他們妥協。




目录






  • 1 另見


  • 2 資料來源


  • 3 參考文獻


  • 4 外部連結





另見



  • 文化戰爭

  • 費里法

  • 宗教自由



資料來源





  1. ^ David Blackbourn. The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918. Oxford University Press. 1997: 262. 




參考文獻


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  • Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Windthorst: A Political Biography (1981), the leader pf the Catholic Center Party

  • Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (Harvard University Press; 2012) 368 pages; examines Catholics' promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871.

  • Blackbourn, David. Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1993)

  • Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany (2005)


  • Hollyday, FBM, Bismarck, Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall, 1970 .

  • Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 188–208

  • Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 169–187

  • Ross, Ronald J. The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887, (Washington, D.C., 1998)

  • Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany." Journal of Modern History (1984): 456-482. in JSTOR

  • Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf: Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck’s Germany." in by Richard Helmstadter, ed. Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (1997) pp: 172-195.

  • Trzeciakowski, Lech. The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland (East European Monographs, 1990) 223 pp

  • Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891" History (1992) 77#250 pp 237-54, the leader pf the Catholic Center Party




外部連結




  • Wikisource-logo.svg Kulturkampf. 天主教百科全書. 1913. , detailed article by Martin Spahn, written in 1910.


  • Wikisource-logo.svg Kulturkampf. New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 


  • “Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf” long description


  • Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English trasnslation) a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf


  • Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin


  • Kulturkampf Now and Then 13-paged essay in pdf by a Professor of the United States Air Force Academy


  • Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873) speech of Ludwig Windthorst following its analysis


  • Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10, 1873


  • Kulturkampf: Bibliography by LitDok East-Central Europe Herder-Institut (Marburg)





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