钆

Multi tool use
body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center}
钆 64Gd
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– ↑ 钆 ↓ 锔
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铕 ← 钆 → 铽
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外觀 |
银白色

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概況 |
名稱·符號·序數
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钆(gadolinium)·Gd·64 |
元素類別 |
镧系元素
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族·週期·區
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不適用 ·6·f
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標準原子質量 |
157.25(3) |
電子排布 |
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
|
歷史 |
發現 |
让-夏尔·加利萨·德马里尼亚(1880年) |
分離 |
保罗·埃米尔·勒科克·德布瓦博德兰(1886年) |
物理性質 |
物態 |
固体
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密度 |
(接近室温) 7.90 g·cm−3
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熔點時液體密度 |
7.4 g·cm−3
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熔點 |
1585 K,1312 °C,2394 °F
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沸點 |
3273 K,3000 °C,5432 °F
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熔化熱 |
10.05 kJ·mol−1
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汽化熱 |
301.3 kJ·mol−1
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比熱容 |
37.03 J·mol−1·K−1
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蒸氣壓((calculated))
壓/Pa
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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溫/K
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1836
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2028
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2267
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2573
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2976
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3535
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原子性質 |
氧化態 |
1, 2, 3 ((a mildly basic oxide)) |
電負性 |
1.20(鲍林标度) |
電離能 |
第一:593.4 kJ·mol−1
第二:1170 kJ·mol−1
第三:1990 kJ·mol−1
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原子半徑 |
180 pm
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共價半徑 |
196±6 pm |
雜項 |
晶體結構 |
六方密堆积
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磁序 |
铁磁性-顺磁性,transition at 293.4 K |
電阻率 |
α, poly: 1.310 µΩ·m
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熱導率 |
10.6 W·m−1·K−1
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膨脹係數 |
α poly: 9.4 µm/(m·K) |
聲速(細棒) |
(20 °C)2680 m·s−1
|
楊氏模量 |
α form: 54.8 GPa |
剪切模量 |
α form: 21.8 GPa |
體積模量 |
α form: 37.9 GPa |
泊松比 |
α form: 0.259 |
維氏硬度 |
510–950 MPa |
CAS號 |
7440-54-2 |
最穩定同位素 |
主条目:钆的同位素
同位素
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丰度
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半衰期 (t1/2)
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衰變
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方式
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能量(MeV)
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產物
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152Gd
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0.20%
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1.08×1014 y
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α
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2.205
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148Sm
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154Gd
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2.18%
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穩定,帶90個中子
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155Gd
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14.80%
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穩定,帶91個中子
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156Gd
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20.47%
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穩定,帶92個中子
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157Gd
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15.65%
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穩定,帶93個中子
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158Gd
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24.84%
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穩定,帶94個中子
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160Gd
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21.86%
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>1.3×1021 y
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β−β−
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1.729
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160Dy
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釓(拼音:gá,注音:ㄍㄚˊ,粤拼:gá,舊譯錷)符号Gd,元素之一,原子序64,属于镧系元素,也是稀土元素之一[1]。钆具有铁磁性,居里點約在室溫(19℃,66℉),即將一塊釓放入冰水中冷卻會吸附磁鐵,但回溫後釓會脫離磁鐵掉落。
钆在干燥的空气中,比其它稀土元素稳定。钆会与水有缓和的反应,并会溶於稀酸中。
性质
化学性质
参见:Category:钆化合物
钆可以和大多数的元素直接化合,形成Gd(III)的化合物。如加热或高温时可以和氮气、硫、磷、硒、碳、硅或砷反应,形成二元化合物。[2]
和其它稀土元素不同的是,金属钆在干燥空气中是相对稳定的。但它可以在潮湿空气迅速失去光泽,形成一层易脱落的氧化钆薄膜。当其脱落时,氧化向内部进行。
- 4 Gd + 3 O2 → 2 Gd2O3
钆是一种强还原剂,可以将一些金属氧化物还原至金属形态。钆电正性强,可以和冷水缓慢反应、和热水迅速反应,生成氢氧化钆:
- 2 Gd + 6 H2O → 2 Gd(OH)3 + 3 H2
钆能够迅速地和稀硫酸反应,生成无色的[Gd(H2O)9]3+水合离子:[3]
- 2 Gd + 3 H2SO4 + 18 H2O → 2 [Gd(H2O)9]3+ + 3 SO2−
4 + 3 H2
钆和卤素在约200 °C反应,生成三卤化钆:
- 2 Gd + 3 X2 → 2 GdX3
化合物
在钆的大多数化合物中,其氧化态为+3。所有三卤化钆都是已知的,它们都是白色固体(三碘化钆例外,为黄色)。常见的钆盐除了三氯化钆之外,还有硫酸钆和硝酸钆,它们可由相应的稀酸溶解金属或其氧化物得到。
Gd3+正如其它镧系元素离子一样,可以形成配合物,并有着高配位数。例如在络合剂DOTA的存在下,形成八齿配位的化合物。含[Gd(DOTA)]−的盐在核磁共振成像中有着应用。一系列类似的齿合化合物也被研发出来了,例如叫“Gadodiamide”的化合物。
低价态的钆化合物也是已知的,特别是在固态中。卤化钆(II)可由三卤化钆和钆金属在钽制容器中加热得到。Gd2Cl3和GdCl可以在更高温度(800 °C)还原得到。一氯化钆是有着类似层状石墨结构的片状固体。[4]
用途
釓化合物具有高度的順磁性(paramagnetic),可作核磁共振成像的顯影劑。釓對磁共振造影機的磁場有強烈反應,以钆喷酸二甲葡胺藥劑形式注入血管中磁共振造影會清楚顯示血液流向,精確定位內出血的位置,並由3D視覺影像觀察血液自血管何處滲出,或觀察血液何處變窄或停止,確定血管阻塞或閉鎖的部位。[5]
安全性
参考文献
^ 无机化学(第二版)下册.高等教育出版社.庞锡涛 主编.1-2 镧系元素的存在、制备、性质及用途. P446. ISBN 978-7-04-005387-6
^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
^ Chemical reactions of Gadolinium. Webelements. [2009-06-06].
^ Cotton. Advanced inorganic chemistry 6th. Wiley-India. 2007: 1128. ISBN 81-265-1338-1.
^ 看得到的化學,Theodore Gray著,大是文化 ISBN 978-986652667-1
元素周期表(镧系元素)
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IA 1
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IIA 2
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IIIB 3
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IVB 4
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VB 5
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VIB 6
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VIIB 7
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VIIIB 8
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VIIIB 9
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VIIIB 10
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IB 11
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IIB 12
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IIIA 13
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IVA 14
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VA 15
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VIA 16
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VIIA 17
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VIIIA 18
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1
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H
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He
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2
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Li
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Be
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B
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C
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N
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O
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F
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Ne
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3
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Na
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Mg
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Al
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Si
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P
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S
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Cl
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Ar
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4
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K
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Ca
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Sc
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Ti
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V
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Cr
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Mn
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Fe
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Co
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Ni
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Cu
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Zn
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Ga
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Ge
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As
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Se
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Br
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Kr
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5
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Rb
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Sr
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Y
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Zr
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Nb
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Mo
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Tc
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Ru
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Rh
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Pd
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Ag
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Cd
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In
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Sn
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Sb
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Te
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I
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Xe
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6
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Cs
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Ba
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La
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Ce
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Pr
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Nd
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Pm
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Sm
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Eu
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Gd
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Tb
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Dy
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Ho
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Er
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Tm
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Yb
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Lu
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Hf
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Ta
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W
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Re
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Os
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Ir
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Pt
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Au
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Hg
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Tl
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Pb
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Bi
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Po
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At
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Rn
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7
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Fr
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Ra
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Ac
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Th
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Pa
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U
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Np
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Pu
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Am
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Cm
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Bk
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Cf
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Es
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Fm
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Md
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No
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Lr
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Rf
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Db
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Sg
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Bh
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Hs
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Mt
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Ds
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Rg
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Cn
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Nh
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Fl
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Mc
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Lv
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Ts
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Og
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相關項目 |
化學元素 · 擴展元素週期表 · 同位素列表 · 地球的地殼元素豐度列表 · 元素列表
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规范控制 |
- GND: 4155786-4
- LCCN: sh85052688
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