Armenian diaspora






Armenian population by country (in thousands):

  > 2,000

  1,000–2,000

  500–1,000

  200–500

  100–200

  75–100

  10–75

  1–10

  0.1–1

  <0.1

































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The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, when the Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in eastern Turkey, known as Western Armenia to Armenians, were systematically exterminated by the Ottoman government.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Terminology


  • 2 History


  • 3 Distribution


    • 3.1 Population by country




  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





Terminology


In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk (pronounced [spʰʏrkʰ]), spelled սփիւռք in classical orthography and սփյուռք in reformed orthography.[2][3] In the past, the word gaghut (գաղութ pronounced [ɡɑˈʁutʰ]) was used mostly to refer to the Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland. It is borrowed from the Aramaic (Classical Syriac) cognate[4] of Hebrew galut (גלות).[5][6]



History


The Armenian diaspora has been present for over 1,700 years.[7] The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after World War I as a result of the Armenian Genocide. According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."[1]




In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Sassanid and Persian empires, and also to defend eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.[8] In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining Armenian as their language, whereas others stubbornly clung on to remain in the Armenian Church despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians voluntarily migrated or were compelled to move to Cilicia during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.[8] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, and the Caucasus.




The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenian) and those who are from the former Soviet Union, the independent Armenia and Iran. (or Eastern Armenian)


Armenians of the modern Republic of Turkey do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland.[citation needed]


The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[9] Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian Genocide, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various parts of the world.



Distribution


See also: Armenian population by urban areas

Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), since these regions form part of Armenians' indigenous homeland. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000.


Of those, approximately 3 million live in Armenia, 130,000 in the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh and 120,000 in the region of Javakhk in neighboring Georgia. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 in diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, and Australia).[10]


Less than one third of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, southern part of Georgia, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Nakhichevan regions of Azerbaijan.[11]



Population by country


The table below lists countries and territories where at least a few Armenians live, with their number according to official data and estimates by various organizations and media.


Estimates may vary greatly, because no reliable data are available for some countries. In France, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Germany and many other countries, ethnicity was never enumerated during population censuses and it is virtually impossible to determine the actual number of Armenians living there. Data on people of foreign origin (born abroad or having a foreign citizenship) is available for most European Union countries, but doesn't present the whole picture and can hardly be taken as a source for the number of Armenians, because in many countries, most prominently France, most Armenians aren't from Armenia and they don't have any legal connection with their ancestral homeland. Also, not all Armenian citizens and people born in Armenia are ethnic Armenians, but the overwhelming majority of them are, as about 97.9% of the country's population is Armenian.[12]


For other countries, such as Russia, the official number of Armenians is believed, by many, to have been underrated, because many migrant workers live in the country.






































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































List of countries and territories by Armenian population
Country/territory
 Official data (latest available)
 Estimations or unofficial data
 Article

 Russia
7006118238800000000♠1,182,388 (2010 census)[13]
1,500,000,[14] 2,000,000,[15] 2,500,000,[16] 2,900,000[17]
Armenians in Russia

 United States
7005483366000000000♠483,366 (2011 ACS)[18]
1,000,000,[19] 1,500,000[20]
Armenian Americans

 France
7004123550000000000♠12,355 (2005, born in Armenia)[21]
300,000,[14] 400,000,[22] 500,000,[23] 750,000[24]
Armenians in France

 Georgia
7005168102000000000♠168,102 (2014 census)[25]

Armenians in Georgia

 Ukraine
7004998940000000000♠99,894 (2001 census)[26]
100,000,[27] 250,000[28]
Armenians in Ukraine

 Iran
 N/A
70,000–80,000,[29] 70,000–90,000,[30] 120,000,[31] 150,000,[32] 200,000[33]
Iranian Armenians

 Turkey[note 1]
 N/A
50,000,[14] 50,000–70,000,[34] 60,000[35]
Armenians in Turkey

 Lebanon
 N/A
70,000–80,000,[36] 100,000[14]
Armenians in Lebanon

 Argentina
7003122700000000000♠1,227 (2001, born in Armenia)[37]
70,000[38]
Armenians in Argentina

 Syria
 N/A
35,000–40,000,[39] 60,000[40]
Armenians in Syria

 Canada
7004505000000000000♠50,500 (2006 census)[41]
50,000,[42] 60,000–65,000[43]
Armenian Canadian

 Greece
7003774200000000000♠7,742 (2001, Armenian citizens)[44]
60,000,[45] 70,000–80,000[46]
Armenians in Greece

 Abkhazia[note 2]
7004419070000000000♠41,907 (2011 census)[47]
50,000,[48] 70,000[49]
Armenians in Abkhazia

 Bulgaria
7004108320000000000♠10,832 (2001 census)[50]
50,000[51]
Armenians in Bulgaria

 Uzbekistan
7004505370000000000♠50,537 (1989 census)[52]
42,359,[53] 50,000,[54]
Armenians in Uzbekistan

 Spain
7004117060000000000♠11,706 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
45,000,[55] 80,000[56]
Armenians in Spain

 Germany
7004112050000000000♠11,205 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
30,000,[57] 50,000–60,000[58]
Armenians in Germany

 Poland
7003300000000000000♠3,000 (2011 census)[59]
15,000–30,000,[51] 40,000,[60] 50,000[61]
Armenians in Poland

 Australia
7004157910000000000♠15,791 (2006 census)[62]
50,000[63]
Armenians in Australia

 Brazil
 N/A
30,000,[64] 35,000–40,000[65]
Armenian Brazilian

 Belarus
7003851200000000000♠8,512 (2009 census)[66]
25,000,[67] 30,000[68]
Armenians in Belarus

 Turkmenistan
 N/A
20,000–22,000,[69] 30,000[70]
Armenians in Turkmenistan

 Kazakhstan
7004110310000000000♠11,031 (2010 official est.)[71]
20,000–25,000,[72] 25,000[73]
Armenians in Kazakhstan

 United Kingdom
7003172000000000000♠1,720 (2011, Armenian citizens)[74]
18,000[75]
Armenians in the United Kingdom

 Hungary
7002161000000000000♠161 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
6,000,[51] 30,000[76]
Armenians in Hungary

 Uruguay
 N/A
15,000[77]
Armenians in Uruguay

 Iraq
 N/A
10,000[78]
Armenians in Iraq

 Netherlands
7002705000000000000♠705 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
12,000[79]
Armenians in the Netherlands

 Belgium
7003963300000000000♠9,633 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
7,000[80]
Armenians in Belgium

 Kuwait
 N/A
6,000[81]
Armenians in Kuwait

 Egypt
 N/A
6,000[82]
Armenians in Egypt

 Czech Republic
7003210000000000000♠2,100 (2011, born in Armenia)[21]
~10,000[83]
Armenians in the Czech Republic

 Sweden
7003167200000000000♠1,672 (2011, born in Armenia)[21]
5,000[84]
Armenians in Sweden

 Austria
7003266700000000000♠2,667 (2009, Armenian citizens)[44]
4,000[85]
Armenians in Austria

 Romania
7003178000000000000♠1,780 (2002 census)[86]
5,000,[87] 7,500–10,000[51]
Armenians in Romania

 Latvia
7003274200000000000♠2,742 (2008 yearly statistics)[88]
3,000[89]
Armenians in the Baltic states

  Switzerland
7002612000000000000♠612 (2010, Armenian citizens)[90]
4,500[91]
Armenians in Switzerland

 Venezuela
 N/A
3,500[92]

 Cyprus
7003134100000000000♠1,341 (2001 census)[93]
3,000–3,500[94]
Armenians in Cyprus

 Estonia
7003140200000000000♠1,402 (2011 census)[95]
3,000[96]
Armenians in the Baltic states

 Italy
7002666000000000000♠666 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
3,000[97]
Armenians in Italy

 Denmark
7002605000000000000♠605 (2011, born in Armenia)[21]
3,000[98]
Armenians in Denmark

 United Arab Emirates
 N/A
3,000[67]
Armenians in the UAE

 Tajikistan
 N/A
3,000[99]
Armenians in Tajikistan

 Jordan
 N/A
3,000[100]
Armenians in Jordan

 Moldova
 N/A
2,000–4,000[101]
Armenians in Moldova

 Lithuania
7003147700000000000♠1,477 (2001 census)[102]
2,500[103]
Armenians in the Baltic states

 Israel
 N/A
2,000-[104][105]10,000[106]
Armenians in Israel[106]

 Azerbaijan[note 3]
7002183000000000000♠183 (2009 census)[108]
 2,000–3,000,[109] 5,000[110]
Armenians in Azerbaijan

 Kyrgyzstan
7003136400000000000♠1,364 (1999 census)[111]
900-1,000[112]
Armenians in Kyrgyzstan

 Chile
 N/A
1,500[113]

 Norway
7002275000000000000♠275 (2012, country of origin)[note 4]
1,000[115]
Armenians in Norway

 Finland
7001930000000000000♠93 (2011, Armenian citizens)[44]
200,[116] 1,000[67]

 Malta
7001100000000000000♠10 (2008, Armenian citizens)[44]
500[117]
Armenians in Malta

 Slovakia
7002261000000000000♠261 (2005, born in Armenia)[21]
500[118]

 Slovenia
7000700000000000000♠7 (2005, born in Armenia)[21]
500[118]

 Albania
 N/A
400[119]

 Mexico
 N/A
400[120]
Armenians in Mexico

 Serbia
7002222000000000000♠222 (2011 census)[121]
300–350[122]
Armenians in Serbia

 Macedonia
 N/A
300[123]
Armenians in Macedonia

 South Africa
 N/A
300[124]

 Peru
 N/A
250[124]

 New Zealand
 N/A
200[125]

 India
 N/A
200[126]
Armenians in India

 Ireland
7001700000000000000♠70 (2011, born in Armenia)[21]
150[127]

 Portugal
7002105000000000000♠105 (2009, born in Armenia)[21]



 Ethiopia
 N/A
80–90[128]
Armenians in Ethiopia

 Cuba
 N/A
80[129]

 Singapore
 N/A
80[130]
Armenians in Singapore

 China
 N/A
50–60[131]
Armenians in China

 Japan
7001210000000000000♠21 (2000, Armenian citizens)[132]
50–60[133], 100[134][135]

 Malaysia
 N/A
45 [136]

 Thailand
 N/A
40–50[137]

 Croatia
37 (2011 census)[138]
 N/A

 Morocco
 N/A
25–30[139]

 Luxembourg
7000700000000000000♠7 (2001, Armenian citizens)[44]



 Maldives

1[140]

 Bangladesh

1[141]
Armenians in Bangladesh
World
 5,605,725
 6,849,192 — 10,507,133

Not listed: Armenians in Myanmar, Armenians in Bahrain, Armenians in Qatar, Armenians in Sudan


Notes




  1. ^ Hamshenis and Crypto-Armenians are not included.


  2. ^ De facto independent, de jure part of Georgia.


  3. ^ Excluding Artsakh. The Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) is a de facto independent state that is generally not considered part of the Armenian diaspora. It is internationally recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan. According to the 2005 census, the number of Armenians in NKR is 137,380.[107]


  4. ^ Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.[114]




See also



  • Armenia–European Union relations

  • Foreign relations of Armenia

  • Largest Armenian diaspora communities

  • Visa requirements for Armenian citizens





References





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  81. ^ We have around 6,000 Armenians in Kuwait, says ambassador


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  98. ^ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 149.


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Bibliography



  • Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան [Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora] (in Armenian). 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. ISBN 5-89700-020-4.


  • de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.



External links







  • Ovenk.com

  • Armenian Ministry of Diaspora official website


  • Hayern Aysor (Armenians Today) Official site of the Armenian Ministry of the Diaspora

  • ArmDiasporaMuseum.com

  • The Armenian Diaspora Today: Anthropological Perspectives. Articles in the Caucasus Anallytical Digest No. 29











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