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Baluster

A baluster—also called spindle or stair stick^{[citation needed]}—is a moulded shaft, square or of lathe-turned form, cut from a rectangular or square plank, one of various forms of spindle in woodwork, made of stone or wood, and sometimes of metal or plastic,^[1] standing on a unifying footing, and supporting the coping of a parapet or the handrail of a staircase.^[2]

Multiplied in this way, they form a balustrade.^[3] Individually, a baluster shaft may describe the turned form taken by a brass or silver candlestick, an upright furniture support, or the stem of a brass chandelier, etc.

A balustrade

Swelling form of the half-open flower of Punica granatum, in Italian balaustra

Etymology

According to OED, "baluster" is derived through the French: balustre, from Italian: balaustro, from balaustra, "pomegranate flower" [from a resemblance to the swelling form of the half-open flower (illustration, below left)],^[4] from Latin balaustium, from Greek βαλαύστιον (balaustion).

History

The earliest examples are those shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces, where they were employed as window balustrades and apparently had Ionic capitals.^[2] As an architectural element the balustrade did not seem to have been known to either the Greeks or the Romans,^[2][5] but baluster forms are familiar in the legs of chairs and tables represented in Roman bas-reliefs,^[6] where the original legs or the models for cast bronze ones were shaped on the lathe, or in Antique marble candelabra, formed as a series of stacked bulbous and disc-shaped elements, both kinds of sources familiar to Quattrocento designers.

The application to architecture was a feature of the early Renaissance: late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at Venice and Verona. These quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified Gothic precedents. They form balustrades of colonnettes^[7] as an alternative to miniature arcading.

Stone balusters in the Basilica of San Zeno, Verona

Rudolf Wittkower withheld judgement as to the inventor of the baluster^[8] and credited Giuliano da Sangallo with using it consistently as early as the balustrade on the terrace and stairs at the Medici villa at Poggio a Caiano (c. 1480),^[9] and used balustrades in his reconstructions of antique structures. Sangallo passed the motif to Bramante (his Tempietto, 1502) and Michelangelo, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century.

Wittkower distinguished two types, one symmetrical in profile that inverted one bulbous vase-shape over another, separating them with a cushionlike torus or a concave ring, and the other a simple vase shape, whose employment by Michelangelo at the Campidoglio steps (c. 1546), noted by Wittkower, was preceded by very early vasiform balusters in a balustrade round the drum of Santa Maria delle Grazie^{[disambiguation needed]} (c. 1482), and railings in the cathedrals of Aquileia (c. 1495) and Parma, in the cortile of San Damaso, Vatican, and Antonio da Sangallo's crowning balustrade on the Santa Casa at Loreto installed in 1535, and liberally in his model for the Basilica of Saint Peter.^[10] Because of its low center of gravity, this "vase-baluster" may be given the modern term "dropped baluster".^[11]

Profiles and style changes

The baluster, being a turned structure, tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the turner's lathe and the potter's wheel are ancient tools. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a particular style of architecture or furniture, and may offer a rough guide to date of a design, though not of a particular example.

Some complicated Mannerist baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase. The high shoulders and bold, rhythmic shapes of the Baroque vase and baluster forms are distinctly different from the sober baluster forms of Neoclassicism, which look to other precedents, like Greek amphoras. The distinctive twist-turned designs of balusters in oak and walnut English and Dutch^[12] seventeenth-century furniture, which took as their prototype the Solomonic column that was given prominence by Bernini, fell out of style after the 1710s.

Once it had been taken from the lathe, a turned wood baluster could be split and applied to an architectural surface, or to one in which architectonic themes were more freely treated, as on cabinets made in Italy, Spain and Northern Europe from the sixteenth through the seventeenth centuries.^[13] Modern baluster design is also in use for example in designs influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road Finchley London England.

Outside Europe, the baluster column appeared as a new motif in Mughal architecture, introduced in Shah Jahan's interventions in two of the three great fortress-palaces, the Red Fort of Agra and Delhi,^[14] in the early seventeenth century. Foliate baluster columns with naturalistic foliate capitals, unexampled in previous Indo-Islamic architecture according to Ebba Koch, rapidly became one of the most widely used forms of supporting shaft in Northern and Central India in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.^[15]

The modern term baluster shaft is applied to the shaft dividing a window in Saxon architecture. In the south transept of the Abbey in St Albans, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. Norman bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts.^[2]

Balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart (to save money) diminishes their aesthetic appeal. Balustrades normally terminate in columns, building walls or more properly in heavy newel posts because otherwise they will not be structurally strong enough.

Balusters may be formed in several ways. Wood and stone can be shaped on the lathe, wood can be cut from square or rectangular section boards, while concrete, plaster, iron, and plastics are usually formed by molding and casting. Turned patterns or old examples are used for the molds.

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  A vasiform balustrade crowns Michelangelo's Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio, Rome.
  

  
  

  
  


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  A page of fanciful balusters from A Handbook of Ornament, Franz S. Meyer, 1898
  

  
  

  
  


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  Balusters influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road, Finchley, London, England
  

  
  

  
  


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  Brown University's Orwig Music Library features an ornate balustrade.
  

  
  

  
  

Modern materials used

• Cast iron


• Cast stone


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  Hardwoods and softwoods
  


• Plaster


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  Polymer stone


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  Polyurethane/polystyrene
  


• Wrought iron


• Vinyl

Banisters

The word banister (also bannister) refers to the balusters of a stairway.^[16] It has been defined as either a handrail, especially on a staircase, or such a handrail together with its supporting structures.^[17]

See also

• Bollard


• Guard rail

Notes

References

• Rudolf Wittkower, 1974. "The Renaissance baluster and Palladio" in Palladio and English Palladianism (London: Thames and Hudson)

External links

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  Media related to Balusters at Wikimedia Commons


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  The dictionary definition of baluster at Wiktionary