Rearuh

諫議大夫 ，是監察的一種特殊職官，通常稱為 言官 、 諫官 。 沿革 秦代設大夫，有諫議大夫、太中大夫、中大夫、諫大夫等各類官稱，無定員。西漢時沿用秦制，漢武帝元狩五年（前118年）置諫大夫，無定員，掌議論。東漢改稱諫議大夫，《后汉书·百官志二》：“谏议大夫，六百石。本注曰：无员。”魏晉時稱散騎常侍。 隋唐仍置諫議大夫，有左、右諫議大夫，各四人，分屬門下省與中書省，另設补阙和拾遗。諫議大夫雖然位階不高，唐代僅是正五品，但可“讽朝政之得失，谏皇帝之功过”，唐代著名大臣魏徵即是最好例子，魏徵任諫議大夫時，“凡二百餘奏，無不剴切”。唐代的諫官有權力駁回明顯不合理的詔書。宋初沿其制，後置諫院，谏院下设鼓院，以左、右諫議大夫為之長；王安石變法之際，當時的右諫議大夫司馬光寫一封長達三千餘字的信給王安石，抨擊新政，也就是著名的《與王介甫書》。遼代門下省和中書省分別設左諫院和右諫院，沿置諫議大夫等職，但有名無實。金代有諫院，設左、右諫議大夫、司諫。元朝搁置不設。 明初洪武期間置諫議大夫及左右司諫，不久廢除。宋代類書《册府元龟》曾收入至五代的379件著名的諫書。 参考文献 胡宝华：〈唐代谏官补阙、拾遗定员考〉。 中国谏议制度 查 论 编 三省六部   三省及其主要官职 中书省 尚书省 门下省 中书令 中书侍郎 中书舍人 右散騎常侍 尚书令 尚书省左仆射 尚书省右仆射 尚书省左丞 尚书省右丞 侍中（纳言） 门下侍郎 給事中 左散騎常侍 諫議大夫   尚书省下属六部及其主要官职 吏部 户部 礼部 兵部 刑部 工部 吏部尚书 吏部侍郎 吏部司郎中 司封司郎中 司勋司郎中 考功司郎中 吏部司员外郎 司封司员外郎 司勋司员外郎 考功司员外郎 户部尚书 户部侍郎 户部司郎中 度支司郎中 金部司郎中 仓部司郎中 户部司员外郎 度支司员外郎 金部司员外郎 仓部司员外郎 礼部尚书 礼部侍郎 礼部司郎中 祠部司郎中 主客司郎中 膳部司郎中 礼部司员外郎 祠部司员外郎 主客司员外郎 膳部司员外郎 兵部尚书 兵部侍郎 兵部司郎中 职方司郎中 驾部司郎中 库部司郎中 兵部司员外郎 职方司员外郎 驾部司员外郎 库部

This article is about rowing as a method of transport or for recreation. For the sport, see Rowing (sport). For other uses, see Rowing (disambiguation). Typical Finnish rowing boats on the shore of Palokkajärvi, Jyväskylä Three members of a student rowing club in a coxed pair in the Amstel River. Woman rowing sampan with her feet in Ninh Bình Province of northern Vietnam Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water, displacing water, and propelling the boat forward. The difference between paddling and rowing is that rowing requires oars to have a mechanical connection with the boat, while paddles are hand-held and have no mechanical connection. This article deals with the more general types of rowing, such as for recreation and transport rather than the sport of competitive rowing which is a specialized case of racing using strictly regulated equipment and a highly refined technique. [1] Contents 1 Types of rowing systems

The Prague Wind Quintet, c. 1931 A wind quintet , also known as a woodwind quintet , is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, oboe, clarinet, French horn and bassoon). Some quintets alternatively use an English horn instead of a French horn. The term also applies to a composition for such a group. Unlike the string quartet (of 4 string instruments) with its homogeneous blend of sound color, the instruments in a wind quintet differ from each other considerably in technique, idiom, and timbre. The modern wind quintet sprang from the octet ensemble favored in the court of Joseph II in late 18th century Vienna: two oboes, two clarinets, two (natural) horns, and two bassoons. [1] The influence of Haydn's chamber writing suggested similar possibilities for winds, and advancements in the building of these instruments in that period made them more useful in small ensemble settings, leading composers to attempt smaller combinations. It was Anton Reicha's twenty