汗 (頭銜)




参见：可汗

汗（蒙古語：хан），是一個起源於蒙古的頭銜，後來擴展至中亞其他地區作為君主及軍隊首領的名銜，大量用於古中國北部蒙古國。"汗"是鮮卑統領於283-289年的頭銜[1][2]，取代了匈奴的單于。他們估計是突厥人[3]
在蒙古未在亞洲廣泛傳播時，已被阿史那氏採用。


与“汗”有关的头衔是“可汗”，有“大汗”、“诸汗之汗”的意思，由柔然汗国最早使用，在6世紀中葉被伊朗人使用Kagan稱呼突厥部落的首領[1]。历史上在一些国家“汗”与“可汗”同时存在并有区别，例如蒙古成吉思汗在世时仅称汗，逝世之后才被尊为“可汗”（qa'an）,[4]后世尊为蒙古帝国的领袖（蒙古大汗）的君主（例如蒙哥汗和窝阔台汗）是“可汗”，其他领袖仅为“汗”（例如察合台汗）。


現時汗一詞有大量相應意思，例如元首、首領、統治者等，大多於南亞、中亞、東歐及土耳其使用。



参考文献





  1. ^ 1.01.1 Henning, W. B., 'A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqataran',"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African studies – University of London", Vol 14, No 3, p 501–522


  2. ^ Zhou 1985, p. 3–6


  3. ^ René Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia now. Rutgers University Press. 988: 61, 585, n. 92. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9. 


  4. ^ http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/rachewiltz/Rachewiltz_Qan.pdf









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