文化鬥爭
提示：本条目的主题不是無產階級文化大革命。
德國諷刺報刊《喧聲》的一幅政治漫畫描繪當時文化鬥爭的情況，圖中兩人分別為教宗（右）與俾斯麥。教宗：「無可否認，最後此舉讓我不愉快，但我沒有在這次鬥爭中輸掉；我還有一步非常漂亮的秘招。」俾斯麥：「這也將是最後一步，然後你會在幾個回合內被將死──至少在德國。」
文化鬥爭（德語：Kulturkampf ，字面意思為「文化的鬥爭」）是指普魯士王國與羅馬天主教會在1870年代的政治角力。[1] 當時普魯士王國首相卑斯麥於1871年到1878年所頒布的德國政策，目的是旨在減少羅馬天主教會對普魯士的影響和權力。該政策最終失敗告吹。天主教組織了一個強大的新政黨，而卑斯麥也跟他們妥協。
目录
1 另見
2 資料來源
3 參考文獻
4 外部連結
另見
- 文化戰爭
- 費里法
- 宗教自由
資料來源
^ David Blackbourn. The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918. Oxford University Press. 1997: 262.
參考文獻
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- Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Windthorst: A Political Biography (1981), the leader pf the Catholic Center Party
- Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (Harvard University Press; 2012) 368 pages; examines Catholics' promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871.
- Blackbourn, David. Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1993)
- Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany (2005)
Hollyday, FBM, Bismarck, Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall, 1970 .- Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 188–208
- Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 (2001) pp. 169–187
- Ross, Ronald J. The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887, (Washington, D.C., 1998)
- Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany." Journal of Modern History (1984): 456-482. in JSTOR
- Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf: Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck’s Germany." in by Richard Helmstadter, ed. Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (1997) pp: 172-195.
- Trzeciakowski, Lech. The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland (East European Monographs, 1990) 223 pp
- Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891" History (1992) 77#250 pp 237-54, the leader pf the Catholic Center Party
外部連結
Kulturkampf. 天主教百科全書. 1913. , detailed article by Martin Spahn, written in 1910.
Kulturkampf. New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
“Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf” long description
Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English trasnslation) a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf
Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
Kulturkampf Now and Then 13-paged essay in pdf by a Professor of the United States Air Force Academy
Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873) speech of Ludwig Windthorst following its analysis
Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10, 1873
Kulturkampf: Bibliography by LitDok East-Central Europe Herder-Institut (Marburg)
Kulturkampf. 天主教百科全書. 1913.
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