卤化银




卤化银：卤素（氟、氯、溴、碘等）与银元素形成的盐（氟化银、氯化银、溴化银、碘化银等）因为具有相似化学性质而被统称为卤化银。




  • 氟化银（白色粉末，易溶于水）


  • 氯化银（白色沉淀）


  • 溴化银（浅黄色沉淀）


  • 碘化银（黄色沉淀）


由于其高感光性，氯化银和溴化银大量用于摄影技术中。



性质


除碘化银为硫化锌型结构外，其他卤化银都为氯化钠型结构。[1]
































卤化银晶体结构
化合物
 晶格
 结构类型
 晶格参数a（Å）
AgF
 fcc
 NaCl型结构
 4.936
AgCl（角银矿）
 fcc
 NaCl型结构
 5.5491
AgBr（溴银矿）
 fcc
 NaCl型结构
 5.7745













晶胞结构

面心立方结构
石岩型结构
面心立方(fcc)
 NaCl型结构


从氟化银到碘化银，卤化银的溶解度逐渐降低，氯化银、溴化银和碘化银都是难溶于水的。它们的溶解度数据列在下表中：[2]



























卤化银的溶解度数据
化合物
 溶解度 (g / 100 g H2O)
AgF
 172
AgCl
 0.00019
AgBr
 0.000014
AgI
 0.000003


  • 氯化银可以溶于浓盐酸、硫代硫酸钠、氰化物和氨水中（通过生成相应的银配合物）；

  • 溴化银可以溶于氢溴酸、硫代硫酸钠、氰化物和氨水中，但溶于氨水的反应比氯化银要慢得多；

  • 碘化银可以溶于氢碘酸、硫代硫酸钠和氰化物中。与氨反应时，则生成白色的AgI·2NH3。


  • 除了一价的氟化银外，还有一氟化二银和二氟化银存在。


参见



  • 拟卤化银：氰化银、氰酸银、叠氮化银、硫氰酸银


参考资料





  1. ^ Glaus, S. and Calzaferri, G. The band structures of the silver halides AgF, AgCl, and AgBr: A comparative study. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2: 398–401. doi:10.1039/b211678b. 


  2. ^ Lide, David R. (ed). (2005) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition, The Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland.









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