氧化剂




氧化剂是一类具有氧化性的物质。在化合价有改变的氧化还原反应中，由高价变到低价（即搶到电子）的物质作氧化剂，具有氧化性，可以被还原，其产物叫还原产物。


另一方面，氧化剂也是一类危险化学品的总称，它属于中华人民共和国《危险化学品名录》的第5类危险化学品。




目录






  • 1 常见的强氧化剂及其还原产物


  • 2 氧化剂的用途


  • 3 氧化剂的危害


  • 4 參見


  • 5 参考资料





常见的强氧化剂及其还原产物


































































































氧化剂 还原产物 方程式示例
O2
 氧化物 2 Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O = Cu2(OH)2CO3（缓慢氧化）
C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O（燃烧）
O3
 氧化物
F2
 F-
 2 Fe + 3 F2 → 2 FeF3
Cl2
 Cl-
 2 Fe + 3 Cl2 → 2 FeCl3
Br2
 Br-
 2 Al + 3 Br2 → 2 AlBr3
硝酸盐 N2
 S + 2 KNO3 + 3 C → K2S + N2↑ + 3 CO2↑（燃烧）
氯酸盐 Cl-
 2 KClO3 + 3 S = 2 KCl + 3 SO2
高氯酸盐 Cl-
HNO3
NH4NO3
NO
NO2
KMnO4
 Mn2+
MnO2

MnO42-


 （酸性条件）

（中性或弱碱性条件）
（碱性条件）
NaClO Cl-

CrO3
Cr2O72-
CrO42-
 Cr3+
H2O2
 水
PbO2
 Pb2+
NaBiO3
 Bi3+
XeF2
 Xe
Ce4+
 Ce3+
PdCl2
 Pd PdCl2 + H2O + CO = CO2 + Pd↓+ 2 HCl


氧化剂的用途


氧化剂的用途广泛，如炼钢时通入空气、垃圾焚烧发电、汽车发动等等。



氧化剂的危害


空气中的氧气是最常见的氧化剂，它可以将一些金属氧化（如铁），造成经济损失。或者，在一定条件下，发生火灾，如煤炭的自燃或者森林大火等等。


烟花爆竹中也都含有氧化剂，如储存或使用不慎，可能引发爆炸。


另外，大部分氧化剂在和其他物质反应的时候都会放出气体，有的达到一定条件甚至可以自发分解（如过氧化氢、硝酸等）而放出气体，在密闭容器中可能引发爆炸。[1]



參見



  • 還原劑

  • 氧化还原反应


  • 氧化、還原

  • 标准电极电势表



参考资料





  1. ^ 《化学危险物品储存知识》. 商业部储运局全国商品储存养护技术研究组 编. 中国财政经济出版社. 四、氧化剂






规范控制


  • AAT: 300380303

  • GND: 4202009-8

  • NARA: 10647674

  • NDL: 00570159



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