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The Quraysh (Arabic: قريش‎) were a mercantile Arab tribe that historically inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe. The Quraysh staunchly opposed Muhammad until converting to Islam en masse in 630 CE. Afterward, leadership of the Muslim community traditionally passed to a member of the Quraysh as was the case with the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphs.

Name

Sources differ as to the etymology of Quraysh, with one theory holding that it was the diminutive form of qirsh (shark).^[1] The 9th-century genealogist Hisham ibn al-Kalbi asserted that there was no eponymous founder of Quraysh;^[2] rather, the name stemmed from taqarrush, an Arabic word meaning "a coming together" or "association".^[1] The nisba or surname of the Quraysh is Qurashī, though in the early centuries of Islam, most Qurayshi tribesmen were denoted by their specific clan instead of the tribe.^[3] Later, particularly after the 13th century, claimants of Qurayshi descent used the Qurashī surname.^[3]

History

Origins

The Quraysh's progenitor was Fihr ibn Malik, whose full genealogy, according to traditional Arab sources, was the following: Fihr ibn Mālik ibn al-Naḍr ibn Kināna ibn Khuzayma ibn Mudrika ibn Ilyās ibn Muḍar ibn Nizār ibn Maʿadd ibn ʿAdnān.^[1] Thus, Fihr belonged to the Kinana tribe and his descent is traced to Adnan, the semi-legendary father of the "northern Arabs".^[1] According to the traditional sources, Fihr led the warriors of Kinana and Khuzayma in defense of the Ka'aba, at the time a major pagan sanctuary in Mecca, against tribes from Yemen; however, the sanctuary and the privileges associated with it continued to be in the hands of the Yemeni Khuza'a tribe.^[1] The Quraysh gained their name when Qusayy ibn Kilab, a sixth-generation descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen and took control of the Ka'aba.^{[1][note 1]} Prior to this, Fihr's offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives.^[1]

Establishment in Mecca

All medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca.^[4] After conquering Mecca, Qusayy assigned quarters to different Qurayshi clans.^[1] Those settled around the Ka'aba were known Quraysh al-Biṭāḥ, and included all of the descendants of Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy and others.^[1] The clans settled in the outskirts of the sanctuary were known as Quraysh al-Ẓawāhīr.^[1] According to historian Ibn Ishaq, Qusayy's younger son, 'Abd Manaf, had grown prominent during his father's lifetime and was chosen by Qusayy to be his successor as the guardian of the Ka'aba.^[5] He also gave other responsibilities related to the Ka'aba to his other sons 'Abd al-'Uzza and 'Abd, while ensuring that all decisions by the Quraysh had to be made in the presence of his eldest son 'Abd al-Dar; the latter was also designated ceremonial privileges such as keeper of the Qurayshi war banner and supervisor of water and provisions to the pilgrims visiting the Ka'aba.^[5]

According to historian F. E. Peters, Ibn Ishaq's account reveals that Mecca in the time of Qusayy and his immediate offspring was not yet a commercial center; rather, the city's economy was based on pilgrimage to the Ka'aba, and "what pass[ed] for municipal offices [designated by Qusayy] have to do only with military operations and with control of the shrine".^[6] During that time, the tribesmen of Quraysh were not traders; instead, they were entrusted with religious services, from which they significantly profited.^[7] They also profited from taxes collected from incoming pilgrims. Though Qusayy appeared to be the strongman of Quraysh, he was not officially a king of the tribe, but one of many leading sheikhs (tribal chieftains).^[7]

According to historian Gerald R. Hawting, if the traditional sources are to be believed, Qusayy's children, "must have lived in the second half of the fifth century".^[8] However, historian W. Montgomery Watt asserts that Qusayy himself likely died in the second half of the 6th century.^[3] The issue of succession between Qusayy's natural successor, 'Abd al-Dar, and his chosen successor, 'Abd Manaf, led to the division of Quraysh into two factions; those who backed the 'Abd al-Dar clan, including the clans of Banu Sahm, Banu 'Adi, Banu Makhzum and Banu Jumah, became known as al-Aḥlāf (the Confederates), while those who backed the 'Abd Manaf clan, including the Banu Taym, Banu Asad, Banu Zuhra and Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr, were known as al-Muṭayyabūn (the Perfumed).^[3]

Control of Meccan trade

Toward the end of the 6th century, the Fijar War broke out between the Quraysh and the Kinana on one side and various Qaysi tribes on the other, including the Hawazin, Banu Thaqif, Banu 'Amir and Banu Sulaym.^[9] The war broke out when a Kinani tribesman killed an 'Amiri tribesman escorting a Lakhmid caravan to the Hejaz.^[9] The attack took place during the holy season when fighting was typically forbidden.^[9] The Kinani tribesman's patron was Harb ibn Umayya, a Qurayshi chief.^[9] This patron and other chiefs were ambushed by the Hawazin at Nakhla, but were able to escape.^[9] In the battles that occurred in the following two years, the Qays were victorious, but in the fourth year, the tide turned in favor of the Quraysh and Kinana.^[9] After a few more clashes, peace was reestablished.^[9] According to Watt, the actual aim in the Fijar War was control of the trade routes of Najd.^[10] Despite particularly tough resistance by the Quraysh's main trade rivals, the Thaqif of Ta'if, and the Banu Nasr clan of Hawazin, the Quraysh ultimately held sway over western Arabian trade.^[10] The Quraysh gained control over Ta'if's trade, and many Qurayshi individuals purchased estates in Ta'if, where the climate was cooler.^[1]

The sanctuary village of Mecca had become a major Arabian trade hub. According to Watt, by 600 CE, the leaders of Quraysh "were prosperous merchants who had obtained something like a monopoly of the trade between the Indian Ocean and East Africa on the one hand and the Mediterranean on the other".^[1] Furthermore, the Quraysh commissioned trade caravans to Yemen in the winter and caravans to Gaza, Bosra, Damascus and al-Arish in the summer.^[1][11] The Quraysh established networks with merchants in these Syrian cities.^[11] They also formed political or economic alliances with many of the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) tribes in the northern and central Arabian deserts to ensure the safety of their trade caravans.^[11] The Quraysh invested their revenues in building their trading ventures, and shared profits with tribal allies to translate financial fortune into significant political power in the Hejaz, i.e. western Arabia.^[11] In the words of Fred Donner:

[By the end of the 6th century,] Meccan commerce was flourishing as never before, and the leaders in this trade [the Quraysh] had developed from mere merchants into true financiers. They were no longer interested in "buying cheap and selling dear," but also with organizing money and men to realize their commercial objectives. There was emerging, in short, a class of men with well-developed managerial and organizational skills. It was a development unheralded, and almost unique, in central Arabia.^[12]

The Banu Makhzum and Banu Umayya, in particular, acquired vast wealth from trade and held the most influence among the Quraysh in Meccan politics.^[11] The Banu Umayya and the Banu Nawfal, another clan descending from 'Abd Manaf that had become wealthy from their commercial enterprise, split from the Muṭayyabūn faction in 605 and engaged in business with the Aḥlāf.^[3] Their financial fortunes had enabled them to become a force of their own.^[3] The Muṭayyabūn was consequently replaced by the al-Fuḍūl alliance, which consisted of the Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib, descendants of 'Abd Manaf, and the Taym, Asad, Zuhra and al-Harith ibn Fihr clans.^[3] The Banu Hashim held the hereditary rights surrounding the pilgrimage to the Ka'aba, though the Banu Umayya were ultimately the strongest Qurayshi clan.^[8] According to Watt, "In all the stories of the pre-Islamic period there is admittedly a legendary element, but the main outline of events appears to be roughly correct, even if most of the dating is uncertain."^[3]

Conflict with Muhammad

The polytheistic Quraysh opposed the monotheistic message preached by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, himself a Qurayshi from the Banu Hashim. The tribe harassed members of the nascent Muslim community, and attempted to harm Muhammad, but he was protected by his uncle Abu Talib.^[13] To escape persecution, Muhammad and his companions, including the Qurayshi Abu Bakr, immigrated to Medina.^[14] Muhammad then confronted a Qurayshi caravan returning from Palestine and defeated the Quraysh at the ensuing Battle of Badr in 624.^[15] The Quraysh later besieged the Muslims at Medina in 627, but were defeated in the Battle of the Trench.^[16] The Treaty of Hudaybiyya was then signed between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628,^[17] but was violated because of a dispute between Bedouin tribes from each camp.^[18] In January 630, Muhammad moved to finally settle the conflict with Quraysh and returned with his followers to capture Mecca.^[18]

Islamic leadership

Muhammad entered Mecca victoriously in 630, prompting the rest of Quraysh to embrace Islam.^[19] Muhammad sought to consolidate the unity of his expanding Muslim community by "winning over this powerful group [the Quraysh]", according to Donner;^[19] to that end, he used several means, including assurances of Qurayshi participation and influence in the nascent Islamic state.^[19] Thus, despite their long enmity with Muhammad, the Quraysh were brought in as political and economic partners and became a key component in the Muslim elite;^[19] Indeed, many leading Qurayshi tribesmen were installed in key government positions and in Muhammad's policy-making circle.^[19] According to Donner, the inclusion of Quraysh "in the ruling elite of the Islamic state was very probably responsible for what appears to be the more carefully organized and systematic approach to statesmanship practiced by Muhammad in the closing years of his life, as the organizational skills of the Quraysh were put to use in the service of Islam."^[20]

With Muhammad's death in 632, rivalry emerged between the Quraysh and the two other components of the Muslim elite, the Ansar and the Thaqif, over influence in state matters.^[21] The Ansar wanted one of their own to succeed the prophet as caliph, but were persuaded by Umar to agree to Abu Bakr.^[3] During the reigns of Abu Bakr (632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644), some of the Ansar were concerned about their political stake.^[22] The Quraysh apparently held real power during this period marked by the early Muslim conquests.^[23] During the First Muslim Civil War, the Ansar, who backed Caliph Ali of the Banu Hashim against two factions representing rival Qurayshi clans,^[23] were defeated.^[23] They were subsequently left out of the political elite, while the Thaqif held a measure of influence by dint of their long relationship with the Quraysh.^[23]

A hadith holding that the caliph must be from Quraysh became almost universally accepted by the Muslims, with the exception of the Kharijites.^[3] Indeed, control of the Islamic state essentially devolved into a struggle between various factions of the Quraysh.^[23] In the first civil war, these factions included the Banu Umayya represented by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the Banu Hashim represented by Ali, and other Qurayshi leaders such as al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah.^[24] Later, during the Second Muslim Civil War, these same factions again fought for control of the caliphate, with the Umayyads victorious at the war's conclusion in 692/93.^[25] In 750, the issue of which Qurayshi clan would hold the reins of power was again raised but this time, the Abbasids, a branch of the Banu Hashim, were victorious and slew much of the Banu Umayya.^[25] Afterward, Islamic leadership was contested between certain branches of the Banu Hashim.^[25]

Clans

Chief of Quraysh

Banu al-Harith

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

Banu Amir

Suhayl ibn Amr

Abu Jandal ibn Suhayl

Abdullah ibn Suhayl

Sahla bint Suhail

Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza

Sawda bint Zamʿa

Sakran ibn Amr

Banu Adi

Umar al-Khattab

Fatimah bint al-Khattab

Khattab ibn Nufayl

Al-Shifa' bint Abdullah

Zayd ibn al-Khattab

Hafsa bint Umar

Abdullah ibn Umar

Zayd ibn Umar

Sa'id bin Zaid

Asim ibn Umar

Banu Taym

Abdullah "Abu Bakr" ibn Abi Quhafah

Talha ibn Ubaidullah

Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr

Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr

Aisha bint Abi Bakr

Asmā' bint Abi Bakr

Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr

Umm Khultum bint Abu Bakr

A'isha bint Talhah

Yusuf ibn Talhah

Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim

Banu Sahm

Khunais ibn Hudhaifa

'Amr ibn al-'As

Hisham ibn al-A'as

'Abd Allah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As

Abdullah ibn Hudhaifa

Al-'As ibn Wa'il

Layla bint Harmalah

Rayta bint al-Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj

Banu Jumah

Umayah ibn Khalaf

Safwan ibn Umayya

Wahb ibn Umayr

Umayr ibn Wahb

Banu Makhzum

Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah

Abu Umaiyya ibn al-Mughirah

Hisham ibn al-Mughirah

Walid ibn al-Mughira

Abu Jahl ibn Hisham

Khalid ibn Walid

Najiyah bint al-Walid ibn al-Mughira

Ammarah ibn Walid

Walīd ibn al-Walīd

Umm Hakim ibn al-Harith

'Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl

Abu Salama Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Asad al-Makhzumi

Umm Salama bint Abi Umayya

Qurayba bint Abi Umayya

Fatimah bint Amr

Mughira ibn Abd-Allah

Banu Zuhrah

Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas

Aminah bint Wahb

Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf

Abd-al-Rahman ibn Awf

Hashim ibn Utbah

Halah bint Wuhayb

Al-Akhnas ibn Shurayq

Harla bint Abd-al-Uzza

Siba'a ibn Abd-al-Uzza

Banu Abd-al-Dar

Barrah bint Abdul Uzza

Mus`ab ibn `Umair

Nadr ibn al-Harith

Qutayla bint al-Nadr

Nafi ibn al-Harith

Al-Harith ibn Kalada

Uthman ibn Talha

Nufay ibn al-Harith

Banu Abd Shams

Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabi'

Walid ibn Utbah

Hind bint Utbah

Abu Hudhayfah ibn Utbah

Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah

Utbah ibn Rabi'ah

Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa

Uthman ibn Affan

Ramla bint Abi Sufyan

Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan

Yazid ibn Mu'awiya

Khalid ibn Yazid

Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan

Mu'āwiya ibn Yazīd

al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As

Abu al-'As ibn Umayyah

Harb ibn Umayyah

More look at Banu Umayya

Banu Nawfal

Mut`im ibn ‘Adi

Jubayr ibn Mut'im

Banu Asad

Khuwaylid ibn Asad

Awwam ibn Khuwaylid

Halah bint Khuwailid

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid

Hakim ibn Hizam

Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

Waraka ibn Nawfal

Banu Muttalib

Ubayd ibn al-Harithah

Banu Hashim

Shaybah ibn Hashim

al-Harith ibn Abdul-Muttalib

Al-Zubayr ibn Abdul-Muttalib

Abd-Allah ibn Abd-al-Muttalib

Barrah bint Abdul Muttalib

Arwa bint Abdul Muttalib

Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Abu-Lahb ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib

Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib

Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Umm Hakim bint Abdul Muttalib

Safiyyah bint Abd al-Muttalib

Atika bint Abdul Muttalib

Umama bint Abdul Muttalib

Rabī‘ah ibn al-Harith

Abū Sufyān ibn al-Harith

Arwā bint al-Harith

Ubaydah ibn al-Harith

Utbah ibn Abu Lahb

Utaybah ibn Abu Lahb

Ṭālib ibn Abī Ṭālib

'Aqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib (Abu Muslim)

Ja'far ibn Abī Ṭālib (Abu Awn)

'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Abu Hasan)

Fākhitah bint Abī Ṭālib (Umm Hani)

Jumānah bint Abī Ṭālib (Umm Sufyan)

Rayta bint Abī Ṭālib (Umm Talib)

Muslim ibn Aqeel

Ja'far ibn Aqeel

Muhammad ibn Aqeel

Abd al-Rahman ibn Aqeel

Abdullah ibn Ja'far

Muhammad ibn Ja'far

Awn ibn Ja'far

Hasan ibn Ali

Muhsin ibn Ali

Husayn ibn Ali

Zaynab bint Ali

Umm Kulthum bint Ali

Hilal ibn Ali

Al-Abbas ibn Ali

Jafar ibn Ali

Uthman al-Akbar ibn Ali

Uthman al-Asghar ibn Ali

Ruqayyah bint Ali

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah / ibn Ali

Lubaba bint Ubaydillah

And More again, look at )

Leaders

The leaders of the Quraysh (Arabic: Sadat Quraysh), who formed Mecca's aristocracy upon the appearance of Muhammad, included:

See also

Quraysh is also the name of the 106th Surah of the Qur'an.

• Alaouite dynasty


• Awan


• Ba 'Alawiyya


• Hawk of Quraish


• List of expeditions of Muhammad against the Quraysh

Notes

References

Bibliography