角色模型






Disambig gray.svg  本條目介紹的是计算机科学中的并行计算上的模型。關於市场营销和以用户为中心的设计中的概念，請見“角色模型 (管理学)”。

在電腦科學中，角色模型（英语：Actor model）是一種並行運算上的模型。「角色」是一種程式上的抽象概念，被視為並行運算的基本單元：當一個角色接收到一則訊息，它可以做出一些決策、建立更多的角色、傳送更多的訊息、決定要如何回答接下來的訊息。角色模型在1973年於Carl Hewitt、Peter Bishop及Richard Steiger的論文中提出[1]。




目录






  • 1 基本概念


  • 2 使用角色模型编程


    • 2.1 早期角色模型编程语言


    • 2.2 后期角色模型编程语言


    • 2.3 角色模型库及框架




  • 3 參考資料





基本概念


角色模型推崇的哲学是“一切皆是角色”，这与面向对象编程的“一切皆是对象”类似，但是面向对象编程通常是顺序执行的，而角色模型是并行执行的。


角色是一个运算实体，回应接受到的消息，同时并行的：



  • 发送有限数量的消息给其他角色；

  • 创建有限数量的新角色；

  • 指定接受到下一个消息时的行为。


以上操作不含有顺序执行的假设，因此可以并行进行。


发送者与已经发送的消息解耦，是角色模型的根本优势。这允许进行异步通信，同时满足消息传递的控制结构。[2]


消息接收者是通过地址区分的，有时也被称作“邮件地址”。因此角色只能和它拥有地址的角色通信。它可以通过接受到的信息获取地址，或者获取它创建的角色的地址。


角色模型的特征是，角色内部或之间进行并行计算，角色可以动态创建，角色地址包含在消息中，交互只有通过直接的异步消息通信，不限制消息到达的顺序。



使用角色模型编程


一些编程语言使用了角色模型或变种。这些语言包括：



早期角色模型编程语言



  • Act 1, 2 and 3[3][4]

  • Acttalk[5]

  • Ani[6]

  • Cantor[7]

  • Rosette[8]



后期角色模型编程语言







  • ABCL


  • AmbientTalk[9]


  • Axum[10]

  • CAL Actor Language

  • D

  • E

  • Elixir

  • Erlang

  • Fantom


  • Humus[11]

  • Io

  • Ptolemy Project

  • Rebeca Modeling Language

  • Reia

  • Rust


  • SALSA[12]


  • Scala[13][14]

  • Scratch


角色模型库及框架


角色模型库及框架，允许用户在没有内置角色模型的语言中进行编程。这些框架包括






































































































































































































































































名称
 状态
 最后发布
软件许可证
 语言

Aojet
 活跃
 2016-10-17
MIT
 Swift

Actor
 活跃
 2013-05-30
MIT
 Java

Actor Framework
 活跃
 2013-11-13
Apache 2.0
 .NET

Akka (toolkit)
 活跃
 2014-03-26
Apache 2.0
 Java and Scala

Akka.NET
 活跃
 2014-02-01
Apache 2.0
 .NET

Remact.Net
 活跃
 2014-03-23
MIT
 .NET

Ateji PX
 活跃
 ?
 ?
 Java

F# MailboxProcessor
 活跃
 same as F# (built-in core library)
Apache License
 F#

Korus
 活跃
 2010-02-01
GPL 3
 Java

Kilim[15]
 活跃
 2011-10-13[16]
MIT
 Java

ActorFoundry (based on Kilim)
 活跃?
 2008-12-28
 ?
 Java

ActorKit
 活跃
 2011-09-14[17]
BSD
 Objective-C

Cloud Haskell
 活跃
 2012-11-07[18]
BSD
 Haskell

CloudI
 活跃
 2014-02-02[19]
BSD
 Erlang, C/C++, Java, Python, Ruby

NAct
 活跃
 2012-02-28
LGPL 3.0
 .NET

Retlang
 活跃
 2011-05-18[20]
New BSD
 .NET

JActor
 活跃
 2013-01-22
LGPL
 Java

Jetlang
 活跃
 2012-02-14 [21]
New BSD
 Java

Haskell-Actor
 活跃?
 2008
New BSD
 Haskell

GPars
 活跃
 2012-12-19
Apache 2.0
 Groovy

PARLEY
 活跃?
 2007-22-07
GPL 2.1
 Python

Pulsar
 活跃
 2013-06-30
New BSD
 Python

Pulsar
 活跃
 2013-07-19 [22]
LGPL/Eclipse
 Clojure

Pykka
 活跃
 2013-07-15 [23]
Apache 2.0
 Python

Termite Scheme
 活跃?
 2009
LGPL
 Scheme (Gambit implementation)

Theron
 活跃
 2012-08-20[24]
MIT[25]
 C++

Quasar
 活跃
 2013-07-19 [26]
LGPL/Eclipse
 Java

Libactor
 活跃?
 2009
GPL 2.0
 C

Actor-CPP
 活跃
 2012-03-10[27]
GPL 2.0
 C++

S4
活跃
 2011-11-28[28]
Apache 2.0
 Java

C++ Actor Framework (CAF)
 活跃
 2014-07-23[29]
Boost Software License 1.0 and BSD 3-Clause
 C++11

Celluloid
 活跃
 2012-07-17[30]
MIT
 Ruby

LabVIEW Actor Framework
 活跃
 2012-03-01[31]
 ?
 LabVIEW

QP frameworks for real-time embedded systems
 活跃
 2012-09-07[32]
GPL 2.0 and commercial (dual licensing)
 C and C++

libprocess
 活跃
 2012-07-13
Apache 2.0
 C++

SObjectizer
 活跃
 2014-07-01
New BSD
 C++

注意这里没有列出全部框架和库。



參考資料





  1. ^ Carl Hewitt; Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger. A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence (PDF). IJCAI. 1973. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-12-29）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)


  2. ^ Carl Hewitt. Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages Journal of Artificial Intelligence. June 1977.


  3. ^ Henry Lieberman. A Preview of Act 1 (PDF). MIT AI memo 625. June 1981. [永久失效連結]


  4. ^ Henry Lieberman. Thinking About Lots of Things at Once without Getting Confused: Parallelism in Act 1 (PDF). MIT AI memo 626. June 1981. [永久失效連結]


  5. ^ Jean-Pierre Briot. Acttalk: A framework for object-oriented concurrent programming-design and experience 2nd France-Japan workshop. 1999.


  6. ^ Ken Kahn. A Computational Theory of Animation MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1979.


  7. ^ William Athas and Nanette Boden Cantor: An Actor Programming System for Scientific Computing in Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on Object-Based Concurrent Programming. 1988. Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices.


  8. ^ Darrell Woelk. Developing InfoSleuth Agents Using Rosette: An Actor Based Language Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents. 1995.


  9. ^ Dedecker J., Van Cutsem T., Mostinckx S., D'Hondt T., De Meuter W. Ambient-oriented Programming in AmbientTalk. In “Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP), Dave Thomas (Ed.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 4067, pp. 230-254, Springer-Verlag.”, 2006


  10. ^ Darryl K. Taft. Microsoft Cooking Up New Parallel Programming Language. Eweek.com. 2009-04-17 [2012-12-02]. 


  11. ^ Humus. Dalnefre.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  12. ^ Carlos Varela and Gul Agha. Programming Dynamically Reconfigurable Open Systems with SALSA. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. OOPSLA'2001 Intriguing Technology Track Proceedings. 2001, 36. 


  13. ^ Philipp Haller and Martin Odersky. Event-Based Programming without Inversion of Control (PDF). Proc. JMLC 2006. September 2006. 


  14. ^ Philipp Haller and Martin Odersky. Actors that Unify Threads and Events (PDF). Technical report LAMP 2007. January 2007. 


  15. ^ Srinivasan, Sriram; Alan Mycroft. Kilim: Isolation-Typed Actors for Java (PDF). European Conference on Object Oriented Programming ECOOP 2008. Cyprus. 2008 [2008-07-24]. 


  16. ^ Commit History · kilim/kilim · GitHub. Github.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  17. ^ Commit History · stevedekorte/ActorKit · GitHub. Github.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  18. ^ Commit History · haskell-distributed/distributed-process · GitHub. Github.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  19. ^ Commit History · CloudI/CloudI · GitHub. Github.com. [2014-03-19]. 


  20. ^ Changes - retlang - Message based concurrency in .NET - Google Project Hosting. Code.google.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  21. ^ jetlang-0.2.9-bin.zip - jetlang - jetlang-0.2.9-bin.zip - Message based concurrency for Java - Google Project Hosting. Code.google.com. 2012-02-14 [2012-12-02]. 


  22. ^ Pulsar documentation. （原始内容存档于2013-07-26）. 


  23. ^ Changes — Pykka 1.2.0 documentation. pykka.org. [2014-03-30]. 


  24. ^ Theron. Theron-library.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  25. ^ Theron. Theron-library.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  26. ^ Pulsar GitHub. 


  27. ^ Changes - actor-cpp - An implementation of the actor model for C++ - Google Project Hosting. Code.google.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  28. ^ Commit History · s4/s4 · GitHub. Github.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  29. ^ Tags · actor-framework/actor-framework · GitHub. Github.com. [2014-07-23]. 


  30. ^ celluloid | RubyGems.org | your community gem host. RubyGems.org. [2012-12-02]. 


  31. ^ Community: Actor Framework, LV 2011 revision (version 3.0.7). Decibel.ni.com. [2012-12-02]. 


  32. ^ QP Active Object Frameworks - Browse Files at. Sourceforge.net. [2012-12-02]. 









-

Popular posts from this blog

Daylamites

Image
Map showing Daylam in western Tabaristan. The Daylamites or Dailamites (Middle Persian: Daylamīgān ; Persian: دیلمیان ‎ Deylamiyān ) were an Iranian people inhabiting the Daylam—the mountainous regions of northern Iran on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. [1] They were employed as soldiers from the time of the Sasanian Empire, and long resisted the Muslim conquest of Persia and subsequent Islamization. In the 930s, the Daylamite Buyid dynasty emerged and managed to gain control over much of modern-day Iran, which it held until the coming of the Seljuq Turks in the mid-11th century. Contents 1 Origins, language and equipment 2 History 2.1 Pre-Islamic period 2.1.1 Seleucid and Parthian period 2.1.2 Sasanian period 2.2 Islamic period 2.2.1 Resistance to the Arabs 2.2.2 The Daylamite expansion 3 Culture 3.1 Names 3.2 Religion 3.3 Customs, equipment and appearance 4 References 5 Sources Origins, langu...
Read more

Czechs

Image
Czechs Češi Flag of the Czech Republic Total population c.   10–12 million Regions with significant populations   Czech Republic    6,732,104 [1] [nb 1] – 9 246 784 [2] Significant diasporic populations in:   United States 1,462,000 [3]   Canada 94,805 [4]   Germany 60,000   Israel 50,000   Argentina 45,000   United Kingdom 45,000 [5]   Austria 40,324 [6]   Italy 40,000   France 38,000   Slovakia 30,367 [7]   Australia 21,196 [8]    Switzerland 20,000   Croatia 9,641 (2011)   Chile 8,600   Ukraine 11,000   Sweden 7,175 (2001)   Ireland 5,451 [9]   Spain 5,622 (2006)   Russia 5,000–6,000   Netherlands 3,500   Romania 3,339 (2002)   Poland 3,000   South Africa 2,300   Mexico 2,000   Venezuela 2,000   Serbia 1,824 (2011) [10]   Colombia 1,200   New Zealand 1,083   Kazakhstan 1,000 [11]   Bo...
Read more

Lambaréné

Image
Place in Moyen-Ogooué, Gabon Lambaréné Street in Lambaréné Lambaréné Location in Gabon Coordinates: 0°41′18″S 10°13′55″E  /  0.68833°S 10.23194°E  / -0.68833; 10.23194 Coordinates: 0°41′18″S 10°13′55″E  /  0.68833°S 10.23194°E  / -0.68833; 10.23194 Country   Gabon Province Moyen-Ogooué Population (2013 census)  • Total 38,775 Lambaréné is a town and the capital of Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. With a population of 38,775 as of 2013, it is located 75 kilometres south of the equator. Lambaréné is based in the Central African Rainforest at the river Ogooué. This river divides the city into 3 districts: Rive Gauche, Ile Lambaréné and Rive Droite. The Albert Schweitzer Hospital and the districts Adouma and Abongo are located on Rive Droite. The districts Atongowanga, Sahoty, Dakar, Grand Village, Château, Lalala and Bordamur build the Ile Lambaréné. The majority of the people in Lambaréné live in the district Isaac located on Rive Gauche. This distr...
Read more