自传

Multi tool use
Multi tool use





Disambig gray.svg  本條目介紹的是文学体裁。關於維基百科裡的方針，請見“Wikipedia:自传”。關於台灣樂團五月天專輯第九張錄音室專輯，請見“自傳 (五月天專輯)”。



1793年富兰克林自传初版的表紙


自传是一个人写的关于自己的成长经历傳記式文学体裁。主要是以回忆为主，中间夹杂一些自己的想法，抒发某种情绪，自传基本上是回憶錄的一種。


清朝人吳曾祺說：“傳者，傳也，所以傳其人之賢否善惡，以垂示萬世，本史家之事，後則文人學士亦往往效為之。”[1]司馬遷的（報任安書）也是自傳成份很重的信函。洛克菲勒規定洛克菲勒后代不能出自傳，但戴维·洛克菲勒打破了這個傳統而撰写了《抓住每分钱：洛克菲勒自传》。美國最著名的《富兰克林自传（英语：The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin）》是发明家富蘭克林（Benjamin Franklin）在1771年執筆，1788年完成，前后历时17年之久。著名的自传如：《假如给我三天光明》、《我的前半生》、《甘地自传》、《達爾文自傳》、《我的奮鬥》、《阿加莎·克里斯蒂自传》、《馬克·吐溫自傳》、《亨利·福特自传》、胡適《四十自述》、《沈從文自傳》、《張忠謀自傳》。


自傳的格式不拘；梁啟超（三十自述）一開始即吟古典詩一首以出之。也有作家將自傳以小說形式發表，如蕭紅的《生死場》。字數亦不拘，從數百言至數百萬言都有。


中國文人多注重道德倫理，自傳是否全然代表「真實」而「正確」是一個很大的問題，為了美化自己，通常有大量的「想像」與「虛構」成份。余英時指出中國古代以「家風」「世德」為主的自傳資料並無法突出一己的個性與人格[2]。


今日求職都需要在履歷表上附上自傳。



注釋





  1. ^ 《文體芻言》


  2. ^ 余英時：（年譜學與現代的傳記觀念）




參考書目


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  • 廖卓成：《自傳文研究》，台北：國立台灣大學中文所博士論文，1992年

  • 李有成：（論自傳），刊於：《當代：自傳與傳記專輯》，第55期，1990年11月

  • 張瑞德：（自傳與歷史—代序），今收入梁漱溟：《自述五種》




研究書目


  • 川合康三著，蔡毅譯：《中國的自傳文學》（北京：中央編譯出版社，1999）。



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