张释之

Multi tool use
張釋之(?-?),字季,西漢南阳堵阳(今河南方城东)人。事漢文帝、漢景帝二朝,曾任廷尉、以執法公正不阿聞名。漢文帝時,彈劾太子劉啟「過司馬門不下車」,劉啟即位,將釋之謫為淮南國相國。後過世。
有一兄張仲、一子張摯。司馬遷著《史記》,將其與馮唐合立〈張釋之馮唐列傳〉;班固《漢書》列入〈張馮汲鄭傳〉。
執法事蹟
縣人犯蹕
張釋之任廷尉時,漢文帝出巡至中渭橋,有縣人違反蹕(交通管制)令,驚嚇到文帝乘馬。張釋之依法「蹕先至而犯者罰金四兩」[1]判處罰金,文帝認為判決過輕。釋之以「今法如此而更重之,是法不信於民也」為由,拒絕加重判決。
原文
釋之為廷尉。上行出中渭橋,有一人從橋下走出,乘輿馬驚。於是使騎捕,屬之廷尉。釋之治問。曰:「縣人來,聞蹕,匿橋下。久之,以為行已過,即出,見乘輿車騎即走耳。」廷尉奏當,一人犯蹕,當罰金。文帝怒曰:「此人親驚吾馬,吾馬賴柔和,令他馬,固不敗傷我乎?而廷尉乃當之罰金!」釋之曰:「法者,天子所與天下公共也。今法如此而更重之,是法不信於民也。且方其時,上使立誅之則已。今既下廷尉,廷尉,天下之平也,一傾而天下用法皆為輕重,民安所錯其手足?唯陛下察之。」良久,上曰:「廷尉當是也。」
白話譯文
張釋之當任廷尉。漢文帝出巡經過中渭橋,有一個人從橋下跑出來,驚動文帝的車馬。文帝便派遣騎兵加以逮捕,把他交給廷尉。張釋之審問犯人。犯人說:「我從長安縣來的人,聽說皇帝經過,就躲到橋下去。過了很久,我以為隊伍已過去,剛出來,見皇帝的車馬就趕快跑走。」張釋之向文帝報告判決結果,一個人違反了管制交通的命令,判處罰金。文帝生氣的說:「這個人驚動我的馬,我的馬幸虧溫馴柔和,假使是其他的馬,豈不就摔傷我了嗎?而廷尉竟然只有判他罰金!」張釋之說:「法令,是天子和天下所有人民應當共同遵守的。現在法令規定如此而陛下卻要加重他的罪,這樣法律便不能取信於民。況且那時候,陛下立刻處決他那就罷了。現在既然交給廷尉處理,廷尉是天下執行法律的標準,一有偏差天下執法的官員就會因此或輕或重,這樣執法不公人民要如何做才好?希望陛下明察。」過了很久,文帝才說:「廷尉的判決是正確的。」
高廟玉環竊案
有人盜高廟(即祭祀漢高祖的宗廟)坐前玉環,張釋之判決依律斬殺。文帝大怒,認為應行連坐法(滅族的意思)。釋之認為:「既然盜高祖廟前的玉環就要滅族,那麼要是後來有人去高祖的陵墓盜墓,要怎麼審判?」據法以爭,最後文帝認為有道理,便接受其言。[2]因為此案,山都侯王恬啟與條侯周亞夫欣賞張釋之執法公正,就和張釋之結為好友。張釋之因而譽滿天下。
參考資料
^ 《史记》卷一百二 张释之冯唐列传第四十二:“上行出中渭桥,有一人从桥下走出,乘舆马惊。于是使骑捕,属之廷尉……廷尉奏当,一人犯跸,当罚金。”裴駰集解引如淳曰: “乙令, '蹕先至而犯者, 罰金四兩。”
^ 其後有人盜高廟坐前玉環,捕得,文帝怒,下廷尉治。釋之案律盜宗廟服禦物者為奏,奏當棄市。上大怒曰:「人之無道,乃盜先帝廟器,吾屬廷尉者,欲致之族,而君以法奏之,非吾所以共承宗廟意也。」釋之免冠頓首謝曰:「法如是足也。且罪等,然以逆順為差。今盜宗廟器而族之,有如萬分之一,假令愚民取長陵一抔土,陛下何以加其法乎?」久之,文帝與太后言之,乃許廷尉當。
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