Glossary of professional wrestling terms




Professional wrestling has accrued a considerable nomenclature throughout its existence.[1] Much of it stems from the industry's origins in the days of carnivals and circuses.[2] In the past, professional wrestlers used such terms in the presence of fans so as not to reveal the worked nature of the business.[1][2] In recent years, widespread discussion on the Internet has popularized these terms.[1] Many of the terms refer to the financial aspects of professional wrestling in addition to in-ring terms.[2]


This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.



A


A-show

A wrestling event where a company's biggest draws wrestle.[1]Compare B-show and C-show.

A-team

A group of a wrestling promotion's top stars who wrestle at an A-show.[1]Compare B-team.

abort

To suddenly discontinue a feud, angle, or gimmick due to a lack of fan interest, usually without explanation.[1]

ace

A term typically only used in Japanese puroresu for a wrestler designated as the face of the promotion. Not necessarily the same as the top champion. Examples of aces include Hayabusa in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling, Hiroshi Tanahashi in New Japan Pro Wrestling and Suwama in All Japan Pro Wrestling.[3][4]Compare face of the company.

agent


Also producer.


A management employee, often a former wrestler (though it can be a current wrestler), who helps wrestlers set up matches, plan storylines, give criticisms on matches, and relay instructions from the bookers. Agents often act as a liaison between wrestlers and higher-level management and sometimes may also help in training younger wrestlers. They are referred to by WWE as "producers".

alliance

A cooperative relationship developed between two or more wrestlers, whether wrestling as a tag team or in individual matches. Differentiates from a stable as the wrestlers are not packaged together, but are presented as a group of individuals working together for a common goal. Alliances are often formed for the specific purpose of retaining titles between the members of the alliance, or to counter a specific foe or group of foes. The formation of an alliance can be a storyline of its own.[5]

angle

A fictional storyline. An angle usually begins when one wrestler attacks another (physically or verbally), which results in revenge.[2] An angle may be as small as a single match or a vendetta that lasts for years. It is not uncommon to see an angle become retconned due to it not getting over with the fans, or if one of the wrestlers currently involved in the angle is fired.

Apter mag

An old-style professional wrestling magazine that sticks to kayfabe articles.[1] The term refers to the magazines at one time connected to journalist Bill Apter, such as Pro Wrestling Illustrated.[1]



B


B-show

A wrestling event featuring the middle and lower-level talent of a wrestling promotion. Sometimes includes well-known wrestlers making a return or finishing up their career.[1]Compare A-show and C-show.

B-team

The group of wrestlers on a B-show.[1] Frequently, the B-team will wrestle at a venue the same night wrestlers on the A-team are wrestling in a different event, although a promotion will sometimes schedule an event with B-team wrestlers to test a new market. Compare A-team.

babyface


See face.

beat down





The Shield performing a beat down on Kane


A situation in which a wrestler or other performer is the recipient of a one-sided beating, usually by a group of wrestlers.[1]

blading


Main article: Blading (professional wrestling)

Also juicing, gigging and getting color.


A wrestler intentionally cutting themselves to provoke bleeding to sell the opponent's offense.

blind tag

1.  A tag made in a tag team match where the wrestler on the apron tags his partner unbeknownst to them or without their consent.

2.  A tag where the tagger's opponent is unaware a tag has occurred, leaving them open to a blindside attack. Most often occurs when the partner in the ring is thrown against the ropes or backed into their own corner.

blown spot


See missed spot.

blow off

The final match in a feud.[1] While the involved wrestlers often move onto new feuds, sometimes it is the final match in the promotion for one or more of the wrestlers.[1]

blow up

To become exhausted during a match.[1]

book




Also booker and booking.


To determine and schedule the events of a wrestling card. The person in charge of setting up matches and writing angles is a "booker".[1] It is the wrestling equivalent of a screenwriter. A booker can also be described as someone who recruits and hires talent to work in a particular promotion. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa defined a booker in 1956 as "[...] any person who, for a fee or commission, arranges with a promoter or promoters for the performance of wrestlers in professional wrestling exhibitions".[6] Booking is also the term a wrestler uses to describe a scheduled match or appearance on a wrestling show.[1]

botch


Main article: Botch (professional wrestling)

Something (usually a scripted move or spoken line) which does not go as planned due to a mistake.

broadway


Also going broadway.


A match that ends in a time limit draw.

bump

To fall on the mat or ground.[1][7] A flat back bump is a bump in which a wrestler lands solidly on their back with high impact, spread over as much surface as possible.[1] A "phantom bump" occurs when a wrestler or referee takes a bump without a plausible reason (usually due to a botch or other mistake).[1]

burial


Also bury and buried.


The worked lowering (relegation) of a wrestler's status in the eyes of the fans. The opposite of a push, it is the act of a promoter or booker causing a wrestler to lose popularity and credibility through means such as forcing them to lose in squash matches, losing continuously, allowing opponents to no-sell or kick out of said wrestler's finisher, or forcing them to participate in unentertaining or degrading storylines. A burial is often used a form of punishment due to real-life backstage disagreements between the wrestler and the booker, the wrestler falling out of favor with the company, or sometimes to demote an unpopular performer or gimmick.

business

Professional wrestling; instead of "profession" or "sport".[2]

bust open

To start to bleed, usually from the head after being hit with something like a chair, and typically (but not always) after blading.



C


C-show

An event featuring the lowest level of talent in a promotion, most notably rookies and entry-level talent. Often used as a derogatory adjective. Compare A-show and B-show.

call

To instruct the other wrestler of what is going to happen in the match.[1]

call it in the ring

To make up moves and storytelling in a match on the fly, rather than rehearse them in advance. It is essentially the wrestling equivalent of improvisational theatre.

card

The lineup of the matches that will be staged at a given venue for a given performance.[1] The card is generally performed in a roughly inverse order to the way in which it might be printed for posters or other promotional materials. The major matches between well-known opponents are said to be "top of the card" or the main event and generally go on last, while the preliminary matches between lesser-known opponents are said to be the "undercard".

carpenter

A term for a wrestler whose purpose is to use their in-ring abilities to make their opponents look as good and strong as possible. This is different from an enhancement talent in that a wrestler is used as a carpenter because they are recognized as having great in-ring abilities and experience. Often (but not always) a carpenter is an older, more experienced wrestler, tasked with making less experienced wrestlers (often in the beginning stages of receiving a push) look like a credible threat going into their next program. In modern times, a carpenter is also used when a company is preparing to present a recent signee who may not be familiar to the audience, in an effort to help the wrestler best showcase their abilities.

carry

The act of one wrestler guiding a typically less experienced or skilled performer through a match. A "carry job" refers to a match or angle in which a particularly skilled performer is able to make an inferior wrestler look good, or is perceived to be doing all the work.

championship advantage


Also champion's advantage.


A reigning champion's right to retain a title, should he or she lose a championship match by countout or disqualification.[8][9]

cheap heat

The incitement of a negative crowd reaction by insulting the crowd en-masse, typically by bringing up something unrelated to the wrestling business (such as mocking a local town or sports team), usually used in a negative light.[1][2]Compare cheap pop.

cheap pop

The incitement of a positive crowd reaction by "kissing up" to the crowd. Heels often follow the same principle, but in reverse to get booed. Compare cheap heat.

clean finish

A match ending without cheating, outside interference, or any type of controversy, usually in the center of the ring after executing a finisher. Compare Dusty finish and screwjob.

clean wrestling

Matches pitting two faces with no storyline animosity against each other, both obeying the rules throughout. Such matches are characterized by an emphasis on displaying technical wrestling skill instead of working the audience and a general air of sportsmanship. Although a staple of British and Japanese wrestling, it is uncommon in North America. One notable "clean" match which took place in North America is Hulk Hogan vs. The Ultimate Warrior at WrestleMania VI in 1990.[10]

closet champion

A titleholder (usually a heel) who ducks top-flight matches, cheats to win (often by managerial interference), and—when forced to wrestle good opponents—deliberately causes themself to be disqualified (since titles often do not change hands by disqualification) to retain the title.[1]

color

The amount of bloodshed in a match.[1][11][12]

crimson mask

A face covered in blood, comparable to a mask.

cross-promotion

An event which occurs when two or more rival promotions put together one card or wrestling event. Some promoters have used cross-promotion style angles to further interest. Cross-promotion dates back to the early days of wrestling as challenges between rival promoters in the same area often occurred.

curtain jerker

See jerk the curtain



D


dark match

A non-televised match at a televised show (compare house show).[1] A dark match before the show is often used to test new talent or warm up the crowd.[1] A dark match after the show typically features main event level wrestlers, in order to sell more tickets and send the crowd home happy, without affecting TV storylines.

deathmatch wrestling


See also: Hardcore wrestling

The bloodiest and most violent form of hardcore wrestling, popular in Japan, Mexico, and some parts of the United States. In deathmatch wrestling, many of the traditional rules of professional wrestling are not enforced and the usage of objects such as barbed wire, panes of glass, fluorescent light tubes, and weed whackers occurs. Deathmatches are typically much bloodier and more violent than typical wrestling contests.

dirt sheet

An insider newsletter (or website) in the professional wrestling business. Sometimes written in a negative tone or as a means to "get dirt".[13]

double team





The Fabulous Rougeaus performing a double team maneuver


A tactic used in a tag team match when both members of a tag team gang up on one of the opponents, or a move that involves two wrestlers working in unison.

double turn

The occurrence when both the face and the heel switch roles during an angle or a match. Arguably the most famous example is that of Stone Cold Steve Austin versus Bret Hart at WrestleMania 13, where Austin entered as a heel and Hart entered as a face, but due to Austin fighting on through blood and passing out to a move by Hart, the two switched roles to end the match.

draw

A wrestler or program that attracts the attention of the audience; someone fans are willing to pay to see. Derived from the term "drawing money", meaning the wrestler makes money for the promotion.[1]

drop

To lose a match or championship (the loser agreed to drop the match to the winner).

Dusty finish

A finish in which the face appears to win a big match, but the decision is later reversed due to some sort of technicality, such as interference by other heels to save the heel champion, as, in most federations, the title could not change hands on such a disqualification. It can also refer to an ambiguous finish to a match where neither wrestler can claim to be the winner.[1] The "Dusty" in the term refers to Dusty Rhodes, who booked many such finishes in National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and later in World Championship Wrestling (WCW).[1]



E


enforcer





Kane (second left) as enforcer for The Authority


A (typically larger) wrestler who accompanies another to matches and acts as a bodyguard.[1] This term was coined by Arn Anderson, whose nickname was "The Enforcer". The term can also refer to an individual who acts in a "special guest referee" capacity from outside the ring, ostensibly to maintain order.

enhancement talent


See jobber.

exótico


Main article: Exótico

A wrestler (typically a Mexican luchador) who competes in drag. Examples of exóticos include: Mexico's Pimpinela Escarlata, America's Goldust, and Japan's Yosuke Santa Maria.

extreme wrestling


See also: Hardcore wrestling

A style of professional wrestling that makes frequent use of highspots and weapons. Extreme Championship Wrestling and Combat Zone Wrestling are known for using this style.



F


face


Main article: Face (professional wrestling)

Also babyface.


A wrestler who is heroic, who is booked to be cheered by fans.[1]Heels are the opposite of faces, and faces commonly perform against heels.

face-in-peril


Also playing Ricky Morton.


In a tag team match, the member of a face team who is dominated by the heel team for an extended period of the match. The tactic can be used to help get the crowd behind the face tag team and is usually followed up with a hot tag. During the 1980s, Ricky Morton of the Rock 'n' Roll Express was typically in this position while teaming with Robert Gibson; so much so that "playing Ricky Morton" has become synonymous with the term.

fall

The ending of a match. A fall is obtained by gaining a decision in any manner, normally consisting of a pinfall, submission, countout, or disqualification. In a two out of three falls match, or a Mountevans Rules match, a wrestler must gain two decisions to win instead of only one. See also near-fall.

fallout show

The first televised show after a pay-per-view. Often new storylines are introduced in these episodes, and the consequences of the pay-per-view are explained. Contrast with go-home show.

false comeback


Also hope spot.


A brief offensive flurry by a face, before losing momentum back to a heel after being dominated for several minutes.[1] Usually, it occurs before the actual comeback.

false finish

A pinfall attempt which is kicked out of, usually after a finisher or series of high impact moves, and usually kicked out of just before the referee counts to three. This builds crowd anticipation towards the actual finish.

feud


Main article: Feud (professional wrestling)

A staged rivalry between multiple wrestlers or groups of wrestlers. They are integrated into ongoing storylines, particularly in events which are televised. Feuds may last for months or even years or be resolved with implausible speed, perhaps during the course of a single match.[1]

fighting champion

A champion who defends his title often, and with most or all of the outcomes being victory by pinfall or submission.

finish

The planned end of a match.[1]See clean finish and Dusty finish.

finisher

A wrestler's signature move that usually leads to the pinfall or submission.

five moves of doom

A particular combination of moves that a certain wrestler tends to use in every match, often in the same sequence, usually ending with their finisher. This term is usually used pejoratively, though it was not originally intended so by Dave Meltzer, who coined the term in the 1990s to describe the finishing sequence of Bret Hart, and is most notably used today to describe that of John Cena.

foreign object

A weapon that is not allowed to be used in the match. Usually found under the ring or ringside, in a wrestler's tights, or handed to wrestlers by managers, interfering wrestlers or (less commonly) audience members. If a foreign object is used behind the referee's back, it usually leads to a pinfall. However, the same object is typically less effective in a match where it is legal. At one point in World Championship Wrestling (WCW)'s history, this was referred to as "international objects" by commentators due to a misunderstanding by WCW owner Ted Turner's objections to the use of the word "foreign" applied throughout his media empire, when he intended only to restrict the word's use on his news networks.



G


gas

1.  Steroids.[1]

2.  Stamina, as in "out of gas".

gassed

Exhausted or out of breath during a match.

gig

The blade a wrestler uses to cut themself.[1]See blading.

gimmick





Mike Rotunda used a tax collector gimmick as Irwin R. Schyster



Main article: Gimmick (professional wrestling)


Also persona.


The character portrayed by a wrestler. Can also be used to refer specifically to the motif or theme evoked by a character, as indicated by their name, costume or other paraphernalia.

glorified jobber


Also jobber to the stars.


A jobber who defeats "pure jobbers" as well as mid-card wrestlers in matches, but consistently loses to main event level wrestlers.

go away heat

When a wrestler, heel or face, evokes a negative reaction not through their working of the audience but because the audience are not entertained by the wrestler and do not want to watch them perform. Compare X-Pac heat.

go home

To finish a match. One wrestler would tell the other to "go home" when it is time for them to execute the planned ending for their match. Referees may also tell the wrestlers to go home (usually after receiving word to do so from a producer backstage).

go-home show

The final televised show before a pay-per-view event. So named because the promotion will often have no house shows in the next few days before the pay-per-view, in order to give the wrestlers a chance to literally go home and rest up so they may bring their A-Game at the pay-per-view. Contrast with fallout show.

going into business for him/herself

When a wrestler starts working for their own benefit rather than the mutual benefit of themselves and their opponents, typically by refusing to sell. A type of shoot.

gold

A championship belt.

go over

To win in a wrestling match.[1]

Gorilla position

The staging area just behind the curtain where wrestlers come out to the ring, named after Gorilla Monsoon. The Gorilla Position in World Championship Wrestling was named after Jody Hamilton and was commonly referred to as the "Jody Position."

green

Refers to a wrestler who is in the early stages of their career and, as a result, may be prone to making mistakes because of their inexperience.[1]

gusher

A deep cut that bleeds a lot,[12] usually caused by a mistake while blading, but can be intentional. An example happened at the Judgment Day PPV in 2004, when Eddie Guerrero accidentally hit a blood vessel when blading.[1]



H


hardcore wrestling


Main article: Hardcore wrestling

Also garbage wrestling.


A style of wrestling that emphasizes brutality and real violence with matches typically involving minimal technical wrestling, instead focusing on moderate brawling techniques and the use of weapons.

hardway

A wrestler drawing blood by any means other than blading, typically from a legitimate strike or potato.

head drop

A move which, as a result of a botch, causes the receiver to be dropped on their head, often resulting in a legit concussion or other injury such as a broken neck. Also, especially in puroresu, the term can refer to a bump which is intended to make a move appear as if the receiver landed on his or her head. In reality, the full force of the move is intended to be taken on the upper back and shoulders, though such moves still carry a high degree of legitimate risk with them.

heat



Main article: Heat (professional wrestling)


1.  Negative reactions (such as booing) from fans. When the heat is directed at a heel this is seen as a good thing, as it means fans are reacting in the desired way.

2.  Real-life tension or bad feeling between two wrestlers, or a wrestler and the promotion.

heater


A wrestler; usually a jobber who is used against a more valued opponent to "heat them up" perhaps after a recent loss or succession of losses.


heel



Main article: Heel (professional wrestling)


A wrestler who is villainous, who is booked to be booed by fans.[1]Faces are the opposite of heels, and heels commonly perform against faces.

highspot





Brock Lesnar performing a highspot; a shooting star press at WrestleMania XIX


A high-stakes move which is perceived to be risky and very dangerous, often legitimately.[1]

Hollywood

A popular heel persona based on the idea of a performer having real-world success and fame which transcends the wrestling business. Used by wrestlers such as Hulk Hogan, The Rock, Batista, and The Miz.

hooker

A wrestler with strong legitimate mat-wrestling abilities and an array of match-ending (or in extreme cases, career ending) holds known as "hooks", hence the name.[1] Primarily a holdover from the days where professional wrestling had to maintain kayfabe, a hooker would be used against a local non-wrestler brawler to enhance the belief that professional wrestling was "real". One of the most famous hookers in wrestling history was world champion Lou Thesz.

hoss

A wrestler who is physically large, but lacks other skills. A match between two large men who use plenty of stiff strikes is sometimes known as a "hossfest".

hotshot

A rushed feud, climax of a feud, or big match on television instead of at a pay-per-view in order to get a short-term boost for business.[1] Also applies to angles or turns that are done for shock value rather than acting as a part of an ongoing storyline.[1]

hot tag

In a tag team match, the face's tag to a fresh partner after several minutes of being dominated by both heels, usually immediately followed by the freshly tagged partner getting in a quick burst of offense.[1] Often the hot tag happens after several teases (where the other face is enticed into the ring, only to be stopped by the referee and the heels getting away with illegal tactics, or a legal tag being made while the referee is distracted, resulting in the referee forcing the fresh partner out of the ring because "he was not tagged in").

house

The amount of money drawn at a particular event.

house show


Main article: House show

Also live event.


An untelevised event.



I


impromptu match

A match that takes place, specifically on pay-per-views, that was not announced on the card before the event.

independent promotion


Main article: Independent circuit

Also indie promotion.


A smaller wrestling company that operates at a local (rather than national) level and typically employs freelance wrestlers, as opposed to signing wrestlers to exclusive contracts.

interbrand

A term used by WWE during their brand extension to reference a match between the Raw, SmackDown, or ECW brands.

interpromotional

Also known as cross-promotion. A match or event involving wrestlers from two or more different promotions wrestling, usually against each other, on the same card.

interference

The act of someone who is not part of the match getting involved; this may involve distracting or assaulting one or more of the participants in the match.

invasion storyline

A storyline in which a group of wrestlers from one promotion appear in another promotion. In some cases, this happens suddenly without advance warning or notice, and usually involves the invaders attempting to take the promotion over.

IWC

Internet wrestling community; the community of social media users (some of them smarks) who discuss professional wrestling online on social media platforms.



J


jerk the curtain

To wrestle the first match of the card. Refers to the curtain separating the entranceway from backstage. A wrestler commonly booked in this position is a "curtain jerker".

job


Main article: Job (professional wrestling)

To lose in a wrestling match.

jobber


Also enhancement talent.


A wrestler who routinely loses in order to build the credibility of other wrestlers.[1]

joshi

Shorthand for joshi puroresu; Japanese women's professional wrestling.

juice

1.  Steroids.[1]Same as gas.

2.  Blood,[2][11] usually from the forehead.[1]See also blading.



K


kayfabe


Main article: Kayfabe

The presentation of professional wrestling as being entirely legitimate or real. Prior to the mid-1980s, this was universally maintained across all wrestling territories and promotions.

kick-out

To use the legs to kick or power out of a pin by using the force made to lift the shoulders off the mat.

king's road

This term describes the style of wrestling All Japan Pro Wrestling uses. It is a fusion of the Japanese strong style and a more American style of professional wrestling. King's road practitioners incorporated increasingly more stiff strikes and head drops during the 1990s.



L


legit


Short-form of "legitimate".


1.  Refers to real-life incidents or events that have not been booked or scripted and are therefore not part of the fictional and kayfabe presentation. It is often used to describe a genuine injury to a wrestler, as opposed to one scripted as part of a storyline.

2.  Used to describe a wrestler with a genuine background in another combat sport (typically boxing, other wrestling codes or mixed martial arts) and so has proven "real" fighting skills.

lemon

A wrestler who is not over with an audience and is perceived as a failure.

local competitor

An unsigned wrestler that is usually put into squash matches with company wrestlers to build the other's momentum. Often used so known wrestlers from the promotion do not have to job.

lock up


Also link up.


A portion of a match, usually the very start of the match, where two wrestler join together in a collar-and-elbow tie up.

low-carder

A wrestler who typically wrestles near the beginning of a show and does not participate in major storylines or matches. Often seen as being at the bottom of a promotion's hierarchy.

lumberjack (m)

lumberjill (f)

A wrestler, typically, who stands close to the ring, usually in a lumberjack match, in which he or she (and others similarly called upon) are to forcibly return to the ring any wrestler who attempts to leave or is expelled therefrom. Usually, in the case of a heel, he or she is actually helping one or more (rarely all) wrestlers.

lucha libre


Main article: Lucha libre

Mexican professional wrestling. Translates to "free fight" and is sometimes shortened to simply lucha, the Mexican style of professional wrestling is characterized by high-flying aerial moves, colored masks, and the rapid series of holds, strikes, and maneuvers.

lucharesu

The specific fusion style of professional wrestling that could involve the high-flying acrobatic moves of lucha libre and the suplexes, strong martial arts strikes, physicality, and psychology of puroresu or strong-style wrestling.



M


manager





Paul Heyman (right) as manager of Brock Lesnar


Main article: Manager (professional wrestling)

A performer (usually a non-wrestler) who is paired with one or more wrestlers in order to help them get over, often by acting as a mouthpiece or interfering in matches on their behalf. Typically managers are seen accompanying their wrestlers to the ring and are presented as having some sort of influence or sway over their wrestlers.

mark

1.  A wrestling fan who enthusiastically believes or behaves as though professional wrestling is not staged, or loses sight of the staged nature of the business while supporting their favorite wrestlers.[14] The term is often used pejoratively, for example to refer to people who have little or no knowledge about the backstage, the industry as a whole or who overzealously defend a major company or product while ignoring all others. This sub term is called a "product mark" (e.g. WWE mark, TNA mark, ROH mark; etc).

2.  Used by industry insiders to describe a participant in the wrestling industry who believes that any worked aspect of the industry is more important than the money they can earn; for example, being preoccupied with holding a title belt rather than being paid more.[1]

mechanic

A wrestler whose job it is to feud with the future main event performers and help get them ready for the position. Other times, mechanics are the in-ring teachers helping younger wrestlers gain experience and ability.[15]

mid-carder

A wrestler who is seen as higher than a low-carder, but below a main eventer, typically performing in the middle of a show. Often wrestling for the secondary title of a federation. An "upper-midcarder" is a wrestler who can transition between the midcard and occasional main-event programs.[1]

missed spot


Also blown spot and mis-selling.


A move or series of moves which are mistimed.[1]

money mark

Someone who founds or invests in a wrestling promotion mainly to associate with wrestlers, often willfully or ignorantly disregarding financial risks a profit-focused investor would avoid.

money match

A highly promoted non-title match at or near the end of a card, which is a main selling point for an event.[1]

monster





André the Giant was a notable monster heel late in his career


An extremely powerful, seemingly unbeatable wrestler, either face or heel, who often wins matches in a quick, one-sided manner.

mouthpiece

A manager who does the promos, or all the talking, for a wrestler possessing poor oration skills.[1]

Muta scale

An informal measure among some fans of the amount of blood lost by a wrestler during a match. The scale begins at 0.0 Muta (no blood), with 1.0 Muta being equivalent to the blood loss of Great Muta during an infamous 1992 New Japan Pro-Wrestling match with Hiroshi Hase.[16]



N


near-fall

An occurrence in which a wrestler's shoulders are pinned to the mat for a count of two, but the wrestler manages to escape before the referee's hand hits the mat a third time, which would signify a pinfall. "Two-and-a-half count" or other fractions used to denote even closer "counts", such as "two-and-three-quarters", are often used many times in matches to build excitement.

night off

To be paired for a match with a wrestler who is typically easy to work with.

no contest

A match that ends in a draw without any clear resolution. This is often due to unforeseen circumstances such as an injury, a major spot or angle which overshadows proceedings or the referee being presented as having lost control of the match.

no-sell

To show no reaction to an opponent's offensive moves; a way to demonstrate endurance, appear invulnerable to pain, legitimately undermine an opponent or to illustrate masochistic tendencies.
Compare sell and over-sell.

no-show

A wrestler's or performer's unplanned absence from a show in which they were booked, often leading to last minute changes on the show's card.

nuclear heat

A high level of heat, when fans are agitated to the point of being legitimately angry or upset.



O


over

Achieving the desired crowd reaction, with the audience buying into a performer or gimmick.[1]Faces who are over will be cheered, and heels who are over will be booed. Sometimes particular aspects of a performer's presentation may be over (such as a specific chant, a move they perform or their ring entrance) without the performer themselves being considered over. Building a rapport with the audience is described as "getting over".

over-sell

To show too much of a reaction to an opponent's offense. An example occurred in the match between Hulk Hogan and Shawn Michaels at SummerSlam in 2005, where Michaels frequently over-sold Hogan's moves. Compare sell and no-sell.



P


paper

To give out tickets to an event to make it look better attended than it otherwise would have been.

Parts unknown





The Ultimate Warrior was popularly billed as being from parts unknown


A vague, fictional location. Billing a wrestler as being from "parts unknown" (rather than from their real hometown or another actual place) is intended to add to a wrestler's mystique. In some territories, the phrase commonly was applied to masked wrestlers, such as Kane. In the post-kayfabe era, it is used less and less, and usually with a certain air of levity. Sometimes, wrestlers can hail from other similarly abstract places, for example Stardust being billed from "the fifth dimension" or Damien Demento being billed from "the outer reaches of your mind", or may have their location simply omitted from introductions, such as in the cases of Big Show and Braun Strowman.[17]

payoff

The culmination of an angle or storyline with the intention of providing gratification for the fans. Typically involves a face finally overcoming a dominant heel.

Philly pop

The act of a promotion bringing in a former Extreme Championship Wrestling wrestler when in Philadelphia.

pinfall


Main article: Pin (professional wrestling)

Holding a wrestler's shoulders to the mat for a three count, to win a fall.

pipe bomb

A worked shoot promo where the wrestler giving the promo appears to break kayfabe and touches on real-life topics that are considered taboo, such as backstage politics or issues which are not typically addressed in storylines due to bad publicity. This was a term first used by CM Punk.[citation needed]

plant

A wrestler or actor who poses as a fan, usually seated in the front row of an event.[1] Plants are often victimized or attacked used by heel wrestlers in order to gain heat, or are used to participate in matches or storylines after being "randomly selected" from the crowd.[1] Notable examples of plants were the WWE debut of Santino Marella, who won the Intercontinental Championship after being picked out of the crowd, or at WrestleMania 34 when a 10 year old boy named Nicholas (in reality the son of referee John Cone) was chosen by Braun Strowman to be his tag team partner in his match against Cesaro and Sheamus.[18][19]

policeman

police woman


Also house shooter.


A wrestler, often a respected or feared shooter or street fighter, responsible for enforcing the promoter's will against recalcitrant wrestlers by performing unscripted or painful moves within a match, punishing or intimidating them for defying the management. In today's industry it is a largely outdated because such tactics are illegal if they can be proved. Typically it is only still used by dirt sheets and outside commentators who believe one wrestler is deliberately placed in matches against more dangerous opponents and injured deliberately after disagreements with management. While allegations of this sort persist, including being made by wrestlers themselves, few have been proven.[1]

pop

A cheer or positive reaction from the crowd.

potato

A strike to the head which makes real contact. A wrestler who endures one or more potatoes is likely to potato the perpetrator back, which is known as a receipt.

powdering

The act of forcefully exiting the ring.

program

A series of matches in which the same wrestlers face each other, usually due to the two being scripted in a feud.

promo





John "Bradshaw" Layfield (right) cutting a promo


An in-character interview or monologue.[1] Often includes either an "in-ring interview" or (on television) a skit by wrestlers and other performers to advance a storyline or feud.[1] The act of performing a promo is referred to as "cutting", as in "cutting a promo". When the promo is aimed at a specific opponent (which can be an individual, team, stable or faction), it is said to be cut "on" the target.

protected

An aspect of the business which is consciously presented in a way that will made it look as strong and credible as possible. Wrestlers can be protected by booking them in a way which emphasizes their strengths and hides their weaknesses as a performer, while a move can be protected by having opponents sell strongly and rarely kick out.

pull apart

A brawl so vicious that the combatants need to be pulled apart by others.

put over

The act of one wrestler helping to boost the status of another, most often by losing a match or by selling their opponent as a credible threat.

puroresu


Main article: Puroresu

Japanese professional wrestling. The term can be transliterated as "pro-wres".

push


Main article: Push (professional wrestling)

The worked rising of a wrestler's status in the eyes of the fans.



R


rasslin'


Also wrasslin', southern style, or more specifically, Memphis style.


Originally, along with "grunt-and-groan", used by the mainstream media when presenting a derisive story on professional wrestling, which often stereotyped the participants and audience. Now refers to a style of wrestling popular in Memphis, Tennessee, and as a result, the southeastern United States, which emphasizes kayfabe and stiffness, generally with fewer squash matches and longer feuds, hence the more recent "southern style" or to be specific compared to the Jim Crockett or Georgia styles, "Memphis style".

receipt

A term for returning a particularly stiff move back to a wrestler.

ref bump

A scenario where the referee of the match takes a bump and is knocked out and taken out of the match, temporarily or permanently. This usually occurs to allow a storyline to progress.

rematch clause


Also return clause.


When a champion loses his or her title to another, this may be invoked to procure a title rematch in the near future. This fictional clause is often ignored in storylines.

repackage

To give a wrestler a new gimmick.

rest hold





Ted DiBiase Jr. performing a rest hold on Daniel Bryan


A loose hold applied during a match, during which wrestlers catch their breath or plan the next series of spots together.[1]

rib

A practical joke played by or on a wrestler.[1]

ring general

An experienced wrestler who knows how to work a match to its full potential.

ring psychology

The process of wrestling a match in such a way that the crowd becomes emotionally involved. Performing an engaging match requires acting skills and a good grasp of dramatic timing.[20]

ring rat

Similar to a groupie, one who frequents wrestling events to pursue sex with wrestlers.[1][21]

ring rust

A detriment to wrestling ability resulting from lack of practice during a hiatus.

rub

Helping a less popular wrestler get over by associating them with a more prominent or popular wrestler.[22]

run-in




The nWo performing a run-in during WrestleMania 31


The unexpected entry of a new wrestler(s) or returning wrestler in a match already in progress.[1] Run-ins are usually made by heels, typically to further a feud with a face.[1] This is usually done with a beat down. Sometimes a face will do a run-in to stop a heel from overly punishing a weaker opponent, usually setting up a feud.

rushed finish

A match finish which occurs sooner (and often differently) than planned. It is used when a wrestler is legitimately injured and cannot continue as planned, when the match is approaching its time limit (or a television segment is running long), or after a botch significantly changes the plot of the match.



S


sandbag

To sabotage a throw by letting one's body go limp instead of cooperating, which makes the throw much harder, if not impossible, to execute. This move is typically done deliberately to make the attacker appear weak or unskilled, but can also be the result of a botch. Sandbagging can be dangerous, as many moves require specific actions by the target to lower the risk of injury.[1]

schmoz

A crowd of wrestlers in a brawl, designed to end a match or angle.

screwjob

An unfair and controversial finish, often involving cheating or outside interference.[1] A worked screwjob is part of the story, and is used to generate heat or sympathy. A shoot screwjob occurs when the finish is changed without informing the losing wrestler. One famous instance of this was the Montreal Screwjob at the 1997 Survivor Series, when Shawn Michaels won the WWF Championship from Bret Hart.

second

A person accompanying, or "seconding", a wrestler to a match.[23] Often a manager or a valet.

sell

To react to something in a way that makes it appear believable and legitimate to the audience.[1] Typically refers to the physical action of making an opponent's moves look impactful, but it can be used to refer to any aspect of the worked presentation.[24]Compare no-sell and over-sell.

shoot


Main article: Shoot (professional wrestling)

When a wrestler or personality deliberately goes off-script, either by making candid comments or remarks during an interview, breaking kayfabe, or legitimately attacking an opponent.

shoot style


Main article: Shoot wrestling

A style of professional wrestling that originates in Japan. Shoot style wrestling employs stiff strikes, realistic submission holds, and occasionally a round system or other specific rules and ways to win in an attempt to give professional wrestling a legitimate sports-like feel. Satoru Sayama and Akira Maeda in the UWF and Nobuhiko Takada in the UWFi popularized the style.

signature move

A move a wrestler regularly performs, for which the wrestler is well known.[25]

slow burn

A storyline that develops over a long period.

smark

Short for "smart mark". Someone who has inside knowledge of the wrestling business, but is not speaking from their own personal experience with the business. Often used as a term of derision for know-it-all fans.[14]

smart

Having inside knowledge of the wrestling business. Originally used to refer to those who were aware of the existence of kayfabe and the scripted nature of professional wrestling. The act of teaching someone inside knowledge of the wrestling business is referred to as 'smartening up' someone.[1]

snug

To apply real pressure to a hold, either to make it appear more realistic to the audience, or to exact supremacy or revenge over an opponent.[14]Compare stiff.

sports entertainment



Main article: Sports entertainment


The term WWE uses to describe both its own product and professional wrestling as a whole. It was first used by the promotion in the 1980s and is intended to acknowledge wrestling's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater.

spot

Any planned action or series of actions in a match.[1] Variations include the highspot, comeback spot, hope spot and take home spot. Compare missed spot.

spotfest

A match which consists mainly or entirely of pre-planned spots, normally with little flow and no logical transitions between moves and with little or no or story-telling. Often used as a derisory term for matches which are seen to prioritize high-impact stunts over ring psychology.

spotmonkey

Derogatory term used to denote a wrestler who is believed to rely heavily on highspots in order to mask a lack of basic wrestling ability.

squared circle

The wrestling ring.

squash

An extremely one-sided match.[1] Sometimes called Tomato-can match. Squashes generally feature star wrestlers or wrestlers receiving a push quickly and easily defeating jobbers, usually to help get a gimmick or moveset over.

stable





Stables can vary in size, from three-man units like The Shield (pictured) to large groups with varying membership such as the nWo or Bullet Club


A team of three or more wrestlers, usually heels, who generally share common motives, allies and adversaries within a storyline (or through multiple storylines) and are often presented as having the same or very similar gimmicks. Stables sometimes have several members partake in more separate activities, such as Owen Hart and the British Bulldog having their own tag team while also being part of the larger Hart Foundation.

stiff

Using excessive force when executing a move, deliberately or accidentally.[1]

Sting money

A term from the 1990s used to refer to a lucrative contract, such as the one held by Sting in World Championship Wrestling.[26]

strap

A championship belt.

stretching

The act of causing physical harm to prospective professional wrestlers, usually by the means of submission holds. In the kayfabe period, this served the dual purpose of protecting the wrestling business from accusations of "being fake" and instilling humility in newer members of the locker room. A professional wrestling trainer notable for "stretching" his recruits was Stu Hart, in the infamous Hart Dungeon.[27] Other wrestlers in various territories who were used to test potential newcomers were Danny Hodge, Bob Roop, and "Dr. Death" Steve Williams.

strike

1.  Any contact made by one wrestler to their opponent (e.g. punches, kicks, chops; etc.).

2.  A violation of WWE's wellness policy, with three strikes in an 18-month period resulting in a wrestler being released from the promotion.

strong style

A Japanese-inspired professional wrestling style that is worked, yet aims to deliver realistic performances, through stiff martial arts strikes and worked shoots.[1]

super finisher

A move rarely used by a wrestler, but one that almost always ends a match. A notable example is Randy Orton's Punt Kick.

Superstar


WWE's term for wrestlers on their roster.

swerve

A sudden change in the direction of a storyline to surprise the fans. Often, it involves one wrestler turning on an ally in order to join a supposed mutual enemy. Swerves frequently start feuds between the former allies. This also refers to when a booker leads fans to believe that something is going to happen (or someone could appear) at a show, before doing something entirely different.[1]



T


tease

To indicate a turn. A face teases a heel turn if he/she starts exhibiting heel behaviors and a heel indicates a face turn if he/she starts exhibiting face behaviors.

technician

A wrestler who employs or masters so called technical wrestling style. Bret Hart is a commonly cited example of a great technical wrestler.[28]

Titan Tower

A nickname for WWE's corporate office in Stamford, Connecticut.

TitanTron




The TitanTron (background) at Money in the Bank in July 2011


A video screen above the entrance stage area, used for showing entrance videos, backstage segments, and promos. A play on the name of Sony's JumboTron and Titan Sports, the then-parent company of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), the TitanTron was introduced as part of WWF's Raw set in the mid-1990s. The concept has since been adapted by other major promotions, such as World Championship Wrestling, who used the TurnerTron.

transitional champion

A short-reigning champion who serves to move the title indirectly from one wrestler to a third. They are usually used when the title is to be moved between two faces, to avoid requiring them to wrestle each other.

turn

A switch in alignment of a wrestler's character. Turns involve a wrestler going from face to heel or vice versa.[1] There are two types of turns, the hard turn (which occurs quickly and acts as a surprise device) and the soft turn (a gradual shift in character).

tweener

A morally ambiguous wrestler who is neither a face nor heel (an in-betweener),[1] also sometimes describes a heel who is usually cheered or a face who is usually jeered, especially when two faces or two heels face each other. (See also: antihero)



U


unified


See also: Championship unification

The state of two or more championships when merged by one champion.



V


vacant

The state of a championship not held by any wrestlers.

valet





Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady with their valet Carmella


A person, usually an attractive female, who accompanies a male performer to the ring.[29] Usually serves to titillate or agitate the crowd, or to interfere in the match.[29]

vanilla midget

A derogatory term created by Kevin Nash to describe wrestlers who were good ring-workers but he believed to be too small or boring to ever succeed on a large stage.

vignette

Any piece of video footage featuring characters or events which is shown to the audience for the purposes of entertainment or edification. Usually meant to introduce a debuting character or to get a wrestler over before their TV wrestling debut.

visual fall

A pinfall that the referee does not see, but the crowd does. It is usually followed by a late kick-out when the referee eventually sees the pinfall and starts counting. It is used to heighten the drama of a match by showing that the pinning wrestler "would have had him".



W


work

1.  (noun): Anything planned to happen,[2] or a "rationalized lie".[1] The opposite of shoot.

2.  (verb): To methodically attack a single body part, setting up an appropriate finisher.

3.  (verb): To deceive or manipulate an audience in order to illicit a desired response.

worked shoot

The phenomenon of a wrestler seemingly going "off script", often revealing elements of out-of-universe reality, but actually doing so as a fully planned part of the show.[30]

worker

Another term for professional wrestler. Often used in the context of describing in-ring skill level (e.g. "He is a good/bad worker").

workrate

The in-ring performance level a wrestler puts into their matches, judged by a combination of skill and effort. A wrestler considered talented in the ring has a "high workrate".

wrestler's court

A term used often to describe kangaroo courts held backstage with a congregation of wrestlers; this is often used to settle backstage disputes between performers.

write off


Also write off television.

To book an angle and/or match so as to explain in kayfabe a wrestler's upcoming (and usually inconvenient) absence.


X


X division

A high-flying, high-risk, fast-paced style of professional wrestling which was originated in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Rather than emphasizing the fact that most wrestlers who perform this style are under 220 lb (100 kg) by calling it a cruiserweight division, they decided to emphasize the high-risk nature of the moves that these wrestlers perform, removing all restraints were placed on its wrestlers, allowing them to perform almost stunt-like wrestling moves.

X signal

A signal used by referees during a match to indicate that a wrestler is unable to continue and may need medical attention. The referee will cross their arms and, if necessary, point to the injured wrestler. Since many fans are aware of the significance of the signal, and with referees often now having direct communication with producers backstage, it is now sometimes used in kayfabe fashion, to sell a storyline injury.

X-Pac heat

When fans jeer at a wrestler because they dislike the wrestler personally as opposed to the character he or she plays in the ring. Named after Sean Waltman, known as X-Pac, who was believed to have "overstayed his welcome" by some fans, and so was jeered regardless of whether he was a face or heel character.[31]Compare go away heat.



Y


young boy




Also young lion.


A rookie, particularly in Japanese professional wrestling. Also referred to as young lions for the trainees at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling dojo.



References





  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbx "Torch Glossary of Insider Terms". PWTorch.com. 2000. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2007..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ abcdefgh Kerrick, George E. (Summer 1980). "The Jargon of Professional Wrestling". American Speech. 55 (2): 142–145. doi:10.2307/3050508.


  3. ^ Caldwell, James (April 1, 2015). "ROH news: New Japan's top star announced for ROH vs. New Japan tour, ROH releases "Field of Honor" details". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved June 11, 2016.


  4. ^ 全日諏訪魔ＶＳ大日関本シングル対決実現. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). December 19, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2016.


  5. ^ Nicholas Sammond, Steel Chair to the Head: The Pleasure and Pain of Professional Wrestling (2004).


  6. ^ Riley, Judge William F. (October 15, 1956). "United States v. National Wrestling Alliance (consent decree)". United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa. As hosted at Wrestling Perspective. Retrieved September 17, 2011.


  7. ^ Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p.65)


  8. ^ Ross, Jim (May 5, 2015). "Samoa Joe on Ross Report podcast tonight". JR's BarBQ. Retrieved July 30, 2016.


  9. ^ Clapp, John (February 17, 2013). "WWE Champion The Rock def. CM Punk". WWE. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)


  10. ^ Whatever Happened to Gorgeous George by Joe Jares, Tempo Books, 1974, p. 85.


  11. ^ ab Harley Race, Ricky Steamboat, Les Thatcher. The Professional Wrestlers' Workout & Instructional Guide (p.106)


  12. ^ ab Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Stone Cold Truth (p.90)


  13. ^ Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Stone Cold Truth (p.83)


  14. ^ abc "Grantland Dictionary: Pro Wrestling Edition". grantland.com. August 13, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.


  15. ^ "Pro Wrestling Primer: Glossary of terms". The Evil Eye Blog. 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2014.


  16. ^ Mancuso, Ryan (September 11, 2006). "Complete Playbook: The Great Muta Vol. 2 Revenge of Muta Commercial Tape". 411mania.com. Retrieved October 24, 2007.


  17. ^ Cory Kilgannon (March 15, 2012). "From Inside a Bad-Guy Wrestler, a Brutal Artist Screamed for Release". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2016.


  18. ^ "Young WWE fan Nicholas teams with Braun Strowman against The Bar". YouTube. WWE. April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.


  19. ^ "WWE WrestleMania 34 results: Braun Strowman picks 10 year old WWE fan 'Nicholas' as mystery partner". Forbes. Retrieved 9 April 2018.


  20. ^ John Powell (June 18, 2000). "Booker T: Wrestling's consummate performer". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-06-17.


  21. ^ Laurer, Joanie. If They Only Knew. pp. 192–193.


  22. ^ Ross, Jim; J.R.'s Family Bar-B-Q® (December 24, 2013). "#RAW Christmas Feedback..." J.R.'s Place blog. Retrieved December 25, 2013.


  23. ^ "AAA Triplemania 2017 today, complete lineup". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 18 December 2017.


  24. ^ X-Pac on: Yokozuna. YouTube. 31 December 2014.


  25. ^ Kaelberer, Angie Peterson (2003). The Hardy Boyz: Pro Wrestlers Matt and Jeff Hardy. Capstone Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-7368-2142-2.


  26. ^ "The nWo". Legends of Wrestling. Season 1. Episode 28. 1 July 2011. 2 minutes in. Classics on Demand. WWE.


  27. ^ "Heart to Hart: 90 Minutes on the Phone with Bret 'The Hitman' Hart". offthetracks.co.nz.


  28. ^ Beaston, Erik (17 April 2016). "10 Greatest Wrestling Technicians In WWE History". WhatCulture.com.


  29. ^ ab Jeff Clark (September 7, 2007). "The Luchagors Drop a Powerbomb". Stomp and Stammer. Retrieved 2007-10-02.


  30. ^ The Masked Man (David Shoemaker) (June 28, 2011). "Punk'd". Grantland. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.


  31. ^ "What is "X-Pac heat"?". Reference.com.




Sources



  • Beekman, Scott. Ringside: A history of professional wrestling in America (Greenwood, 2006)


  • Foley, Mick (2000). Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-103101-1.


  • Harley Race; Ricky Steamboat; Les Thatcher (2005). The Professional Wrestlers' Workout & Instructional Guide. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-58261-947-6.

  • Kerrick, George E. "The jargon of professional wrestling". American Speech (1980): 142-145. JSTOR


  • Laurer, Joanie (2001). If They Only Knew. ReaganBooks. ISBN 0-06-109895-7.

  • Mazer, Sharon. Professional wrestling: sport and spectacle (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1998)

  • Murray, Thomas E. "The language of bodybuilding". American Speech (1984): 195-206. in JSTOR


  • Stone Cold Steve Austin; Jim Ross (2003). The Stone Cold Truth. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-7720-0.



External links



  • Total Wrestling Terms


  • Wrestling Booker's Glossary of pro wrestling terms at the Wayback Machine (archived June 13, 2008)









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