乌托邦 (书)






16世纪托马斯·莫尔書中乌托邦插圖


《乌托邦》（Utopia）是托马斯·摩尔以拉丁语写成的一部書，該書全名为《关于最完美的国家制度和乌托邦新岛的既有益又有趣的金书》（Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia），约于1516年出版。乌托邦的原词来自两个希腊语的词根：ou是没有的意思，另一个说法是eu是好的意思，topos是地方的意思，合在一起是“没有的地方”或“好地方”的意思，是一种理想国，并非一个真实的国家，而是一个虚构的国度，有着至美的一切，没有纠纷。


《理想国》涉及柏拉图思想体系的各个方面，包括哲学、伦理、教育、文艺、政治等内容，主要是探讨理想国家的问题。


今天乌托邦往往有一个更加广泛的意义。它一般用来描写任何想象的、理想的社会。有时它也被用来描写今天社会试图将某些理论变成实现的尝试。往往乌托邦也被用来表示某些好的，但是无法实现的（或几乎无法实现的）建议。


托马斯·摩尔的乌托邦是一个完全理性的共和国，在这个国家里所有的财产都是共有的，在战争时期它宁可雇佣临近好战国家的雇佣兵（“塞波雷德人”），而不轻易使用自己的公民；而这个国家的宗教信仰也是自由的，妇女可以担任神职人员，男性神职人员也可以结婚，这些设想明显是违背他所信仰的天主教。摩尔是一个信仰很深的人。他曾经想过做司铎，他的小说可能受到耶稣会的影响。


广义的乌托邦可以是理想的或实际的，但一般来说这个词更强调乐观的、理想的和不可能的完美事物。



参看



  • 反乌托邦

  • 空想社会主义

  • 無條件基本收入



参看書目



  • 《乌托邦》（汉译世界学术名著丛书）托马斯·摩尔 著，戴镏龄 译，商務印書館出版，ISBN 9787100018159

  • 《烏托邦》湯馬斯‧摩爾 著，宋美王華 譯，台灣聯經出版公司2003年2月出版，ISBN 9570825456



外部連結


  • Utopia and Utopianism



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