Rearuh

List of epidemics
	; ; Plague panel with the triumph of death. 1607–35, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin; ;
Duration	Human history

This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

Pre-1500

Death toll (estimate)	Location	Date	Article	Disease	Ref.
75,000–100,000	Greece	429–426 BC	Plague of Athens	unknown, possibly typhus	^[1]
5 million; 30% of population in some areas	Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa	165–180	Antonine Plague	unknown, symptoms similar to smallpox	^[2]
	Europe	250–266	Plague of Cyprian	unknown, possibly smallpox	^[3]
25–50 million; 40% of population	Europe, Egypt, West Asia	541–542	Plague of Justinian	plague	^[4]
	Rome	590	Roman Plague of 590	plague	^[5]
> 100,000	Ctesiphon, Persia	627		plague	^[6]
	British Isles	664–668	Plague of 664	plague	^[7]^{[page needed]}
	British Isles	680–686		plague	^[7]^{[page needed]}
	Japan	735–737	735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	^[8]^[9]
	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	746–747		plague	^[10]
75–200 million; 30–60% of population	Europe, Asia and North Africa	1331–1353	Black Death	plague Yersinia pestis	^[11]

1500–1699

Death toll (estimate)	Location	Date	Article	Disease	Ref.
5–15 million (80% of population)	Mexico	1545–1548	Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548	Possibly Salmonella enterica	^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]
2–2.5 million (50% of population)	Mexico	1576	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	Possibly Salmonella enterica	^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]
	Seneca nation	1592–1596		measles	^[16]
	Spain	1596–1602		plague	^[17]
	South America	1600–1650		malaria
	England	1603	London	plague
	Egypt	1609		plague
30–90% of population	Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people	1616–1619		Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D.	^[18]^[19]
280,000	Italy	1629–1631	Italian plague of 1629–1631	plague	^[20]
	Wyandot people	1630	in Ontario	smallpox
	Thirteen Colonies	1633	Plymouth Colony	smallpox
	Thirteen Colonies	1634	Connecticut River area	smallpox
	England	1636	Newcastle	plague
	China	1641–1644	helped end the Ming Dynasty	plague	^[21]
	Spain	1647–1652	Great Plague of Seville	plague
	South America	1648		yellow fever
	Italy	1656	Naples	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1657	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
24,148^[22]	Netherlands	1663–1664	Amsterdam	plague
100,000^[23]	England	1665–1666	Great Plague of London	plague	^[24]
40,000	France	1668		plague
	Spain	1676–1685		plague
76,000	Austria	1679	Great Plague of Vienna	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1687	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Thirteen Colonies	1690	New York City	yellow fever

18th century

Death toll (estimate)	Location	Date	Article	Disease	Ref.
	Canada, New France	1702–1703		smallpox	^[25]
	Sweden	1710–1712	Great Northern War plague outbreak	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1713	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Thirteen Colonies	1713–1715	New England and the Great Lakes	measles
	Canada, New France	1714–1715		measles	^[26]
	France	1720–1722	Great Plague of Marseille	plague	^[27]
	Thirteen Colonies	1721–1722	Boston, Massachusetts	smallpox	^[28]
	Thirteen Colonies	1729	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Spain	1730	Cadiz	yellow fever
	Thirteen Colonies	1732–1733		influenza	^[29]
	Canada, New France	1733		smallpox	^[30]
> 50,000	Balkans	1738	Great Plague of 1738	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1738	South Carolina	smallpox
	Thirteen Colonies	1739–1740	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Italy	1743	Messina	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1747	CT, NY, PA, SC	measles
	North America	1755–1756		smallpox
	North America	1759		measles
	North America, West Indies	1761		influenza
	North America, present-day Pittsburgh area.	1763	Native American victims of biological warfare during the Siege of Fort Pitt, part of the French and Indian War.	Smallpox
> 50,000	Russia	1770–1772	Russian plague of 1770–1772	plague
	Pacific Northwest natives	1770s		smallpox	^[31]
	North America	1772		measles
> 2,000,000	Persia	1772		plague	^[6]
	North America	1775	particularly in the Northeast	unknown cause
	England	1775–1776		influenza	^[32]
	Spain	1778	Cadiz	dengue fever
	Plains Indians	1780–1782	North American smallpox epidemic	smallpox	^[33]
	Pueblo Indians	1788		smallpox
	United States	1788	Philadelphia and New York City	measles
	New South Wales, Australia	1789–1790	amongst the Aborigines	smallpox	^[34]
	United States	1793	Vermont	influenza and epidemic typhus
	United States	1793	Virginia	influenza
	United States	1793–1798	Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences	yellow fever	^[35]

19th century

Death toll (estimate)	Location	Date	Article	Disease	Ref.
	Spain	1800–1803		yellow fever	^[36]
	Ottoman Empire, Egypt	1801		bubonic plague	^[37]
	United States	1803	New York	yellow fever
	Egypt	1812		plague
	Ottoman Empire	1812	Istanbul	plague
	Malta	1813		plague
	Romania	1813	Bucharest	plague
	Ireland	1816–1819		typhus
> 100,000	Asia, Europe	1816–1826	first cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
	United States	1820–1823	arising near Schuylkill River	fever^[ambiguous]
	Spain	1821	Barcelona	yellow fever	^[39]
	New South Wales, Australia	1828	amongst the Aborigines	smallpox	^[40]
	Netherlands	1829	Groningen epidemic	malaria
	South Australia	1829		smallpox	^[41]
	Iran	1829–1835		bubonic plague	^[42]
> 100,000	Asia, Europe, North America	1829–1851	second cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
	Egypt	1831		cholera	^[43]^[44]
	Plains Indians	1831–1834		smallpox
	England, France	1832	London, Paris	cholera
	North America	1832	New York City, Montreal other cities	cholera
	United States	1833	Columbus, Ohio	cholera
	United States	1834	New York City	cholera
	Egypt	1834–1836		bubonic plague	^[43]^[44]
	United States	1837	Philadelphia	typhus
	Great Plains	1837–1838	1837–38 smallpox epidemic	smallpox	^[45]
	Dalmatia	1840		plague
	South Africa	1840	Cape Town	smallpox
	United States	1841	especially severe in the South	yellow fever
> 20,000	Canada	1847–1848	Typhus epidemic of 1847	epidemic typhus	^[46]
	United States	1847	New Orleans	yellow fever
	worldwide	1847–1848		influenza	^[47]
	Egypt	1848		cholera	^[43]^[44]
	North America	1848–1849		cholera
	United States	1850		yellow fever
	North America	1850–1851		influenza
	United States	1851	Illinois, the Great Plains, and Missouri	cholera
	United States	1852	New Orleans	yellow fever
1,000,000	Russia	1852–1860	third cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
	Ottoman Empire	1853	what is now Yemen	plague	^[48]
4,737	Copenhagen, Denmark	1853	Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853	cholera	^[49]
616	England	1854	Broad Street cholera outbreak	cholera	^[50]
	United States	1855		yellow fever
	worldwide	1855–1960	Third plague pandemic	bubonic plague	^[51]
	Portugal	1857	Lisbon	yellow fever
	Victoria, Australia	1857		smallpox	^[52]
	Europe, North America, South America	1857–1859		influenza	^[53]
	Middle East	1863–1879	fourth cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
	Egypt	1865		cholera	^[43]^[44]
	Russia, Germany	1866–1867		cholera
	Australia	1867	Sydney	measles
	Iraq	1867		plague	^[54]
	Argentina	1852–1871	Buenos Aires	yellow fever	^[55]
	Germany	1870–1871		smallpox
40,000	Fiji	1875	Fiji	measles	^[56]
	Russian Empire	1877	Baku, now part of Azerbaijan	plague	^[57]
	Egypt	1881		cholera	^[43]^[44]
> 9,000	India, Germany	1881–1896	fifth cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
3,164	Montreal	1885		smallpox	timeline
1,000,000	worldwide	1889–1890	1889–1890 flu pandemic	influenza	^[58]

20th century

Death toll (estimate)	Location	Date	Article	Disease	Ref.
	Congo Basin	1896–1906		trypanosomiasis	^[59]
> 800,000	Europe, Asia, Africa	1899–1923	sixth cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
113	San Francisco	1900–1904	Third plague pandemic	bubonic plague	^[60]
	West Africa	1900		yellow fever
	Uganda	1900–1920		trypanosomiasis	^[61]
	Egypt	1902		cholera	^[43]^[44]
	India	1903		plague	^[62]
4	Fremantle	1903		bubonic plague	^[63]
40,000	China	1910–1912	Harbin, Shenyang	bubonic plague	^[64]
75,000,000	worldwide	1918–1920	Spanish flu	influenza Spanish Flu Virus	^[65]
	Russia	1918–1922		typhus
	Egypt	1942–1944		malaria	^[43]^[44]
	China	1946	Harbin	bubonic plague
	Egypt	1946		relapsing fever	^[43]^[44]
	Egypt	1947		cholera	^[43]^[44]
2,000,000	worldwide	1957–1958	Asian flu	influenza	^[66]
	worldwide	1961–1975	seventh cholera pandemic	cholera	^[38]
4	Sweden	1963		smallpox	^[67]^[68]
1,000,000	worldwide	1968–1969	Hong Kong flu	influenza	^[66]
5	Netherlands	1971	Staphorst, Elspeet and Uddel	poliomyelitis	^[69]
35	Yugoslavia	1972	1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia	smallpox
	United States	1972–1973	London flu	influenza	^[70]
15,000	India	1974	1974 smallpox epidemic of India	smallpox
> 30,000,000	worldwide (commenced in Congo Basin)	1960–present	HIV/AIDS pandemic	HIV/AIDS	^[71]
	South America	1990s		cholera
52	India	1994	1994 plague epidemic in Surat	plague	^[72]
	West Africa	1996		meningitis
	Central America	2000	20th century	dengue fever	^[73]

21st century

Death toll (estimate)	Location	Date	Article	Disease	Ref.
	Nigeria	2001		cholera	^[74]
	South Africa	2001		cholera	^[75]
775	Asia	2002–2003	SARS	SARS coronavirus
	Algeria	2003		plague	^[76]
	Afghanistan	2004		Leishmaniasis	^[77]
	Bangladesh	2004		Cholera	^[78]
	Indonesia	2004		dengue fever
	Senegal	2004		cholera	^[79]
	Sudan	2004		Ebola
	Mali	2005		yellow fever	^[80]
19	Singapore	2005	2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore	dengue fever	^[81]
	Luanda, Angola	2006		cholera	^[82]
	Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo	2006		plague
	India	2006		malaria	^[83]
> 50	India	2006	2006 dengue outbreak in India	dengue fever	^[84]
	India	2006	Chikungunya outbreaks	Chikungunya virus	^[85]
> 50	Pakistan	2006	2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	dengue fever	^[86]
	Philippines	2006		dengue fever
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	2007	Mweka ebola epidemic	Ebola	^[87]
	Ethiopia	2007		cholera	^[88]
49	India	2008		cholera	^[89]
10	Iraq	2007	2007 Iraq cholera outbreak	cholera	^[90]
	Nigeria	2007		Poliomyelitis	^[91]
	Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico	2007		dengue fever	^[92]
	Somalia	2007		cholera	^[93]
	Uganda	2007		Ebola
	Vietnam	2007		cholera	^[94]
	Brazil	2008		dengue fever
	Cambodia	2008		dengue fever	^[95]
	Chad	2008		cholera	^[96]
	China	2008		hand, foot and mouth disease
	Madagascar	2008		bubonic plague	^[97]
	Philippines	2008		dengue fever	^[98]
	Vietnam	2008		cholera	^[99]
4,293	Zimbabwe	2008–2009	2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak	cholera
18	Bolivia	2009	2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic	dengue fever
49	India	2009	2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak	hepatitis B
	Queensland, Australia	2009		dengue fever	^[100]
	worldwide	2009	Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s	mumps
931	West Africa	2009–2010	2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak	meningitis	^[101]
14,286	worldwide	2009	2009 flu pandemic	influenza	^[102]^[103]
9,985 (May 2017)	Hispaniola	2010–present	Haiti cholera outbreak	cholera	^[104]^[105]
> 4,500 (February 2014)	Democratic Republic of the Congo	2011–present		measles	^[106]^[107]
170	Vietnam	2011–present		hand, foot and mouth disease	^[108]^[109]
> 350	Pakistan	2011–present	2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	dengue fever
847 (as of 10 January 2013^[update])	Darfur Sudan	2012	2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan	yellow fever	^[110]
449 (as of 11 June 2015^[update])	Worldwide	2012–present	2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak	Middle East respiratory syndrome	^[111]
≫ 11,300	West Africa	2013–2016	Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa	Ebola virus disease Ebola virus virion	^[112]^[113]
183	Americas	2013–2015	2013–14 chikungunya outbreak	Chikungunya	^[114]
40	Madagascar	2014–present	2014 Madagascar plague outbreak	Bubonic plague	^[115]
36	India	2014–present	2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak	primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A	^[116]
2,035	India	2015–present	2015 Indian swine flu outbreak	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	^[117]^[118]^[119]
	worldwide	2015–present	2015–16 Zika virus epidemic	Zika virus
Hundreds (as of 1 April 2016^[update])	Africa	2016	2016 yellow fever outbreak in Angola	yellow fever	^[120]
1,614 (as of 4 July 2017^[update])	Yemen	2016–present	2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak	cholera
64 (as of 16 August 2017^[update])	India	2017–present	2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak	Japanese encephalitis
12 (as of May 2018^[update])	India	2018–present	2018 Nipah virus outbreak	Nipah virus infection
676 (as of 31 March 2019^[update])	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Aug. 2018–present	2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak	Ebola virus disease	^[121]

References

^ "Plague of Athens: Another Medical Mystery Solved at University of Maryland". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2016-02-10..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe", BBC News, November 7, 2005

^ D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95

^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult; pg 3;
ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.

^ Andrew Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington Books, 2007

^ ^a^b Shahraki, Abdolrazag Hashemi (2016), Plague in Iran: Its history and current status.

^ ^a^b Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995

^ Suzuki, A. (2011). "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history". Medical History. 55 (3): 313–8. doi:10.1017/S0025727300005329. PMC 3143877. PMID 21792253.

^ Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.

^ The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire
David Turner
The Annual of the British School at Athens
Vol. 85 (1990), pp. 419–434

^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7.

^ ^a^b "American plague". New Scientist. December 19, 2000.

^ ^a^b Acuna-Soto, R.; Romero, L. C.; Maguire, J. H. (2000). "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545-1815". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 733–739. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.733.

^ ^a^b Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Therrell, M. D. (2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. PMC 2730237. PMID 11971767.

^ ^a^b Vågene, Åshild J.; Herbig, Alexander; Campana, Michael G.; Robles García, Nelly M.; Warinner, Christina; Sabin, Susanna; Spyrou, Maria A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Huson, Daniel; Tuross, Noreen; Bos, Kirsten I.; Krause, Johannes (2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 520–528. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6. PMID 29335577.

^ American Indian Epidemics Archived 2015-02-14 at the Wayback Machine

^ "A History of Spain and Portugal". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMC 2957993. PMID 20113559.

^ Mann, Charles C. (December 2005). "Native intelligence".

^ Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.

^ Timothy Brook (1 September 1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011.

^ nl:Pestepidemie in Amsterdam

^ Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. Retrieved 14 July 2011.

^ Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives". Retrieved 4 July 2016.

^ Desjardins, Bertrand (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population. 23 (1): 49–67. doi:10.25336/P6459C.

^ Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714–1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population. 36 (3–4): 295–323. doi:10.25336/P63P5Q.

^ Devaux, Christian A. (2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1723): Lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 14: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. PMID 23246639.

^ "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Ambrosevideo.com

^ Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine. 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008. PMID 19269727.

^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008

^ Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet. 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4.

^ Houston, C. S.; Houston, S. (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 11 (2): 112–5. doi:10.1155/2000/782978. PMC 2094753. PMID 18159275.

^ The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788–1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) doi:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625020532/http://www.ahc.org.au/history/history.html Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine [After Cook] and coinciding with Colonisation] Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine

^ Epidemics

^ "Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^{[page needed]}

^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yellow Fever" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 910–911.

^ "Aboriginal Health History". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Barry Leadbeater. "South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ A History of the Human Plague in Iran Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press.
ISBN 977-424-295-5^{[page needed]}

^ "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together – Timeline – Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

^ Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web Site. Retrieved 2008-03-23.

^ a s, &NA (1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847–8". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 18 (35): 148–154. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018. PMC 5277660.

^ Practitioner. 1877. Retrieved 29 March 2011.

^ [1] About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853

^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011.

^ Pryor, E. G. (1975). "The great plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 61–70. JSTOR 23881624. PMID 11614750.

^ "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)^{[page needed]}

^ "1902Encyclopedia.com". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871", Revista Persona.

^ "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.

^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Plague" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 693–705.

^ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^{[page needed]}

^ African trypanosomiasis, WHO

^ Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8147-2232-9.

^ Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda

^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague

^ Blackburne, George Hugh Spencer; Anderson, T. L. (1903). Report on the outbreak of plague at Fremantle – via Wikisource.

^ In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague

^ Patterson, K. D.; Pyle, G. F. (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.

^ ^a^b William E. Paul (1 May 2008). Fundamental immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Retrieved 29 March 2011.

^ Spross, Åke (21 January 2018). "Så kan vaccin utrota sjukdomar" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. Retrieved 12 March 2019.

^ "Sjukdomsinformation om smittkoppor" (in Swedish). Public Health Agency of Sweden. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2019.

^ Geschiedenis 24 – Polio in Staphorst. Geschiedenis24.nl (2010-11-17). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.

^ "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

^ UNAIDS (2010) report on the global AIDS epidemic'^{[permanent dead link]}

^ Dutt, Ashok (2006). "Surat Plaque of 1994 re-examined" (PDF). Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (4): 755–60. Retrieved 19 June 2016.

^ Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000

^ "Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400". 2001-11-26. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Bertherat, Eric; Bekhoucha, Souad; Chougrani, Saada; Razik, Fathia; Duchemin, Jean B.; Houti, Leila; Deharib, Larbi; Fayolle, Corinne; Makrerougrass, Banaouda; Dali-Yahia, Radia; Bellal, Ramdan; Belhabri, Leila; Chaieb, Amina; Tikhomirov, Evgueni; Carniel, Elisabeth (2007). "Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (10): 1459–1462. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070284. PMC 2851531. PMID 18257987.

^ "World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Faruque, S. M.; Islam, M. J.; Ahmad, Q. S.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, D. A.; Nair, G. B.; Mekalanos, J. J. (2005). "Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (17): 6119–6124. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.6119F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502069102. PMC 1087956. PMID 15829587.

^ Staff Reporter. "Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal". The M&G Online. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes

^ Koh, B. K.; Ng, L. C.; Kita, Y.; Tang, C. S.; Ang, L. W.; Wong, K. Y.; James, L.; Goh, K. T. (2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: Epidemiology, prevention and control" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 37 (7): 538–45. PMID 18695764.

^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC

^ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India

^ "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital". News-Medical.net. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ "WHO - Chikungunya in India". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Khan, E.; Siddiqui, J.; Shakoor, S.; Mehraj, V.; Jamil, B.; Hasan, R. (2007). "Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: Experience at a tertiary care center". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (11): 1114–1119. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016. PMID 17706259.

^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007

^ Xan Rice (2007-02-22). "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News

^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press

^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News

^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters

^ "Somalia cholera death fears grow". 2007-04-28. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine

^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters

^ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123

^ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008 Archived 9 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine

^ "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government". Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak, Thanh Nien Daily

^ McCredie, J. (2009). "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". BMJ. 338: b967. doi:10.1136/bmj.b967. PMID 19273518.

^ Odigwe, C. (2009). "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". BMJ. 338: b1638. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1638. PMID 19383759.

^ "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-06-25.

^ "2009 Swine-Flu Death Toll 10 Times Higher Than Thought". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population official cholera report^{[full citation needed]}

^ https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/03/21/292225770/lack-of-working-sewers-allows-haitis-cholera-outbreak-to-persist^{[full citation needed]}

^ "Doctorswithoutborders.org". MSF USA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

^ Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.

^ Nguyen, Ngoc TB; Pham, Hau V.; Hoang, Cuong Q.; Nguyen, Tien M.; Nguyen, Long T.; Phan, Hung C.; Phan, Lan T.; Vu, Long N.; Tran Minh, Nguyen N. (2014). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14: 341. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-341. PMC 4068316. PMID 24942066.

^ Yuill, Thomas M.; Woodall, John P.; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak—Darfur Sudan and Chad". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (7): e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.

^ Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. World Health Organisation (2015-06-11). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.

^ Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.

^ Gignoux, Etienne; Idowu, Rachel; Bawo, Luke; Hurum, Lindis; Sprecher, Armand; Bastard, Mathieu; Porten, Klaudia (2015). "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (12): 2265–2267. doi:10.3201/eid2112.150756. PMC 4672419. PMID 26583831.

^ "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. Retrieved February 11, 2015.

^ "Plague – Madagascar". WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

^ "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.

^ Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. Retrieved March 21, 2015.

^ "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

^ "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.

^ "Yellow fever – countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

^ "EBOLA RDC - Evolution de la riposte contre l'épidémie d'Ebola dans les provinces du Nord Kivu et de l'Ituri au Dimanche 31 mars 2019". us13.campaign-archive.com. Retrieved 31 March 2019.

v t e History of medicine
Timeline of medicine and medical technology
Histories of basic sciences	Anatomy Biochemistry Biology Biotechnology Chemistry Embryology Genetics Immunology Timeline Medical diagnosis Microbiology Molecular biology Neuroscience Nutrition Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Virology Viruses
Histories of medical specialties	Alternative medicine Anesthesia General Neuraxial Cancer Cardiology (invasive and interventional) Dental treatments Dermatology Emergency medicine CPR Endocrinology Neurology Psychiatry Timeline Psychiatric institutions Psychosurgery Surgery Trauma and orthopaedics
Medicine in ancient societies	Prehistory Babylon Byzantinia Ancient Egypt Egyptian medical papyri Ancient Greece Ancient Iran Ancient Rome Medieval Islam Medieval Western Europe
History of methods in medicine	Antibiotics Timeline Blood transfusion Humorism Neuroimaging Radiation therapy Tracheal intubation Vaccines Timeline Wound care
Disasters and plagues	Black Death List of epidemics Malaria Pandemics Plague Poliomyelitis Smallpox Syphilis Tuberculosis
Category

搜尋此網誌

Rearuh

List of epidemics

Contents

Pre-1500

1500–1699

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

References

Further reading

Popular posts from this blog

Lambaréné

Chris Pine

Kashihara Line

Plague panel with the triumph of death. 1607–35, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin
Duration	Human history