吸积

Multi tool use
吸积是天体通过引力“吸引”和“积累”周围物质的过程。吸积过程广泛存在于恒星形成、星周盘、行星形成、双星系统、活动星系核、伽玛射线暴等过程中。吸积在天体物理学中是比核聚变等其他能源更高效的产能方式。例如发生在黑洞或中子星周围的吸积过程能够将被吸积物质静质量能的10%以上转化为辐射的能量。由于被吸积的物质往往具有角动量,因此会形成吸积盘。
球对称吸积
球对称吸积是一种最简单的吸积过程。假设在密度为ρ、温度为T的均匀、静止介质中,存在一个静止的、质量为M的中心天体,介质粒子的质量为m,动能为kBT,以中心天体为中心定义吸积半径Ra:
- Ra≈GMmkBT≈GMcs2{displaystyle R_{a}approx {frac {GMm}{k_{B}T}}approx {frac {GM}{c_{s}^{2}}}}

其中cs为等温声速。位于吸积半径处的粒子动能与引力势能之和为零,吸积半径以内的粒子热运动不足以克服引力作用而被中心天体吸积,位于吸积半径以外的粒子不会被吸积。在介质的扩散作用影响下,中心天体的吸积率约为πRa2csρ{displaystyle pi R_{a}^{2}c_{s}rho }
,吸积物质的总角动量为零。
点质量的物体在密度均匀、温度不太高的介质中运动的吸积过程称为邦迪-霍伊尔-利特尔顿吸积(Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton Accretion),或者邦迪吸积。如果中心天体相对于介质以速度V运动,粒子的动能近似为kBT+mV2/2≈m(cs2+V2){displaystyle k_{B}T+mV^{2}/2approx m(c_{s}^{2}+V^{2})}
,此时的吸积半径称为邦迪吸积半径:
- Ra≈GMcs2+V2{displaystyle R_{a}approx {frac {GM}{c_{s}^{2}+V^{2}}}}

天体的运动速度一般远高于介质的声速,扩散作用可以忽略,吸积率约为πRa2Vρ{displaystyle pi R_{a}^{2}Vrho }
,如果吸积物质没有严格的柱对称性,则总角动量不为零,可以形成吸积盘。
轴对称吸积
如果吸积物质带有足够高的角动量,则有可能形成吸积盘。吸积物质流的角动量损失一般很慢,而能量不断耗散,最终位于角动量一定的情况下能量最小的轨道,即圆轨道上,并且几乎以开普勒速度绕中心天体旋转。该轨道的半径称为圆化半径:
- Rc=l2GM{displaystyle R_{c}={frac {l^{2}}{GM}}}

其中l是单位质量的吸积物质具有的角动量。吸积盘形成的必要条件是天体的半径远远小于圆化半径,否则吸积物质流会直接落入天体表面,不能形成吸积盘。
参见
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