生殖器

Multi tool use
生殖器官是指在复杂生物体上任何与有性繁殖及组成生殖系统有关的组织(严格意义上,不一定都属于器官)。
另外有相關的性器官一詞,廣義地說是指會帶來性快感的器官。生殖腺是指產生配子的器官。在人類身上是指睾丸與卵巢。
開花植物的性器官是花[1]。 松柏門植物的性器官是松球[2],苔藓植物门、蕨類植物則以孢子囊為其性器官[3]。
植物
孢子植物孢子体的雌性生殖器官为颈卵器,雄性生殖器官为精子器。种子植物的花、果实或种子[4]。雄性生殖器官为雄蕊,雌性生殖器官为雌蕊。
但植物的繁殖不一定依赖这些器官或组织,例如無性生殖。
动物
昆蟲
昆虫的雌性生殖器官包括一对卵巢、二根侧输卵管(lateral oviduct)及中输卵管(median oviduct)。
雄性昆虫的生殖器官包括一对睾丸、一对输精管,一对储精囊(seminal vesicle),射精管(ejaculatory duct)和雄性附腺。睾丸可能是椭圆形或叶状。
昆虫交配时,雄方将精液注入雌虫的生殖器管内,使精子储存於雌虫的受精囊中。蜻蜓以精液注于腹部基部的特殊交尾结构。
魚類
魚類有許多種不同的生殖方式,大部份的魚是卵生動物,且用體外受精的方式受精。雌魚的泄殖腔會排出大量稱為卵 (生物學)的配子到水中,而一條或多條雄魚會排出「魚白」(白色含有許多精子的液體)到未受精的卵上,以此方式進行受精。有些魚類也是卵胎生,利用尾鰭變成的插入器官進行體內受精,其作用類似人類的陰莖[5]只有少部份的魚是胎生或卵胎生,一般會稱為胎鳉[6]。
哺乳动物
在哺乳动物中,雌雄兩性的生殖器官是來自同一組來源。
在受孕幾週後,雌雄兩性的胚胎其生殖器官在解剖學上都一樣(雖然其性染色體不同),基本上類似雌性的生殖器官,擁有一對「泌尿生殖皺摺」,中間有一小隆起物,隆起物後有尿道。另外還有一對生殖腺位於體內。
在一般人類胚胎的發育過程中,(位於雄性染色體的)SRY基因會使生殖腺發育為睾丸,沒有SRY基因生殖腺則會發育為卵巢。在此之後,內生殖器與外生殖器的發育是由某些胚胎生殖腺分泌的荷爾蒙決定。如果生殖腺發育為睾丸,而睾丸分泌睪脂酮,而且細胞也對睾脂酮有反應,則外側皺摺會腫起,中線會融合以形成陰囊。隆起物會長大變直形成陰莖,皺摺內側會包住陰莖,中線會融合以形成陰莖尿道。出生後睾丸會下降入陰囊。如果生殖腺發育為卵巢,另外一套過程會形成雌性內外生殖器。
以上一般過程中出現特殊變化,就會形成程度不一的雌雄同體現象。
参见
參考資料
^ Flowering Plant Reproduction. Emc.maricopa.edu. 2010-05-18 [2012-08-01].
^ ibiblio.org
^ Mosses and Ferns. Biology.clc.uc.edu. 2001-03-16 [2012-08-01]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-28).
^ 认识植物 繁殖器官. [2016-11-02].
^ Fish Reproduction
^ Science, Biology, and Terminology of Fish reproduction: Reproductive modes and strategies-part 1. 2002. MARTIN MOE. THE BREEDER'S NET Online Magazine
性别
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生物學術語 |
两性异形
性別分化
性別決定系統
- XY
- ZW
- X0
- Z0
- 溫度-性別決定系統
- 染色體倍性性別決定系統
- 異染色體性別
- 同染色體性別
性染色體
- SRY基因
雌雄間性
- 雙性人
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有性生殖 |
有性生殖的演化
- 生殖细胞
- 生殖系统
- 生殖器
- 减数分裂
配子生成
配子
受精
- 性選擇
- 植物繁殖
- 真菌繁殖
有性生殖
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人类的性 |
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