朝會 (政治)
Multi tool use
朝會，是古代漢字文化圈宮廷的一個行政制度，又稱朝參、上朝、升朝，《玉藻》《禮記篇名》云：「 君日出而視朝，退適路寢聽政。」視朝而見群臣，所以政上下之分；聽政而適路寢，所以通遠近之情。[1]周朝諸侯春季朝見天子稱作“朝”，秋季朝見則稱作“請”，故朝請即覲見天子的意思。[2]
朝會區分君臣尊卑禮儀的一部分，按性質可分為大朝、朔望朝、常朝，常朝時官员分列进入朝廷汇报问题、提出建言，而君主则一一回答。按時間可分為早朝、午朝和晚朝。常朝為議政之場合，其他則是禮儀性質。
明朝之前朝會並非每天舉行，明太祖時始規定每天上朝，明英宗沖齡就位，永樂年間當時輔臣三楊決定早朝僅議三五件事，萬曆初期也僅議八件事。聽政議政初期則在武英殿，此制一直延至清朝滅亡。在明朝時，大臣須要午夜起床，凌晨3時到達午門外等候。至凌晨5時，官門開啟，大臣依品位依次進入。早朝流於形式，浪費重臣辦公的時間，其作用僅昭示君主權威及證明某些大臣受天子恩寵又或證明某人是型式上的宰相，因此並非每天進行。清代扣除冬日免朝、夏秋多至圓明園、避暑山莊、木蘭等地，剩下時日最多為十日一早朝，亦少有此效率不高的儀式，咸豐之後御門聽政完全被取消。
奉朝請
漢代部分文臣、武職可以用“奉朝请”名义参加朝會，代表朝廷贈予的殊寵。晉代以奉車都尉、駙馬都尉、騎都尉（合稱「三都尉」）為奉朝請；南北朝時，奉朝請的殊寵浮濫，人數常達數百。至隋朝開皇六年廢除奉朝請制度。
参考文献
^ 王鏊《親政篇》
^ 《周礼·秋官·朝大夫》：“朝大夫掌都家之国治。”郑玄注：“都家，王子弟、公卿及大夫之采地也。主其国治者，平理其来文书於朝者。”
參見
tTms0k 9dgXXzlw6rSdtHNU31PRWmt5Y,N tnx
Popular posts from this blog
Place in Moyen-Ogooué, Gabon Lambaréné Street in Lambaréné Lambaréné Location in Gabon Coordinates: 0°41′18″S 10°13′55″E / 0.68833°S 10.23194°E / -0.68833; 10.23194 Coordinates: 0°41′18″S 10°13′55″E / 0.68833°S 10.23194°E / -0.68833; 10.23194 Country Gabon Province Moyen-Ogooué Population (2013 census) • Total 38,775 Lambaréné is a town and the capital of Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. With a population of 38,775 as of 2013, it is located 75 kilometres south of the equator. Lambaréné is based in the Central African Rainforest at the river Ogooué. This river divides the city into 3 districts: Rive Gauche, Ile Lambaréné and Rive Droite. The Albert Schweitzer Hospital and the districts Adouma and Abongo are located on Rive Droite. The districts Atongowanga, Sahoty, Dakar, Grand Village, Château, Lalala and Bordamur build the Ile Lambaréné. The majority of the people in Lambaréné live in the district Isaac located on Rive Gauche. This distr...
This article is about the number. For the year, see 800. For other uses, see 800 (disambiguation). Natural number ← 799 800 801 → List of numbers — Integers ← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 → Cardinal eight hundred Ordinal 800th (eight hundredth) Factorization 2 5 × 5 2 Greek numeral Ω´ Roman numeral DCCC Binary 1100100000 2 Ternary 1002122 3 Quaternary 30200 4 Quinary 11200 5 Senary 3412 6 Octal 1440 8 Duodecimal 568 12 Hexadecimal 320 16 Vigesimal 200 20 Base 36 M8 36 800 ( eight hundred ) is the natural number following 799 and preceding 801. It is the sum of four consecutive primes (193 + 197 + 199 + 211). It is a Harshad number. Contents 1 Integers from 801 to 899 1.1 800s 1.2 810s 1.3 820s 1.4 830s 1.5 840s 1.6 850s 1.7 860s 1.8 870s 1.9 880s 1.10 890s 2 References Integers from 801 to 899 800s Main article: 801...
"J57" redirects here. For the music artist, see J57 (rapper). J57 / JT3C YJ57-P-3 cut-away demonstrator at USAF Museum Type Turbojet National origin United States Manufacturer Pratt & Whitney First run 1950 Major applications Boeing 707 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker Douglas DC-8 North American F-100 Super Sabre Vought F-8 Crusader Number built 21,170 built Developed from Pratt & Whitney XT45 Variants JT3D/TF33 Developed into Pratt & Whitney J52/JT8A Pratt & Whitney J75/JT4A The Pratt & Whitney J57 (company designation: JT3C ) is an axial-flow turbojet engine developed by Pratt & Whitney in the early 1950s. The J57 (first run January 1950 [1] ) was the first 10,000 lbf (45 kN) thrust class engine in the United States. The J57/JT3C was developed into the J75/JT4A turbojet, JT3D/TF33 turbofan and the PT5/T57 turboprop. [2] Contents 1 Design an...
