重力加速度

Multi tool use

地球附近重力加速度随距地高度的变化
重力加速度是一個物體仅受重力作用的情況下所具有的加速度。重力加速度會隨高度增加而下降。
假設一個質量為m的質點與一質量為M的均勻球體的距離為r時,質量所受的重力大小為:
- F=GMmr2{displaystyle F=G{Mm over r^{2}}}

其中G為重力常數。
根据牛頓第二定律
- F=mag{displaystyle F=ma_{g}!}

可得重力加速度為
ag=GMr2{displaystyle a_{g}=G{M over r^{2}}}
,与质量m无关。
地球表面的重力加速度
g的單位是加速度的单位,而不是力的單位。在地球表面附近,一質點的自由落體加速度g與它的重力加速度a稍微不同,一個質點的重量mg與它所受的重力(地球万有引力)也不同,原因是地球會自轉。若考慮地球自轉,則:
- (測量到的重量mg)=(重力的大小ma)-(質量m×向心加速度w²R)
可以得到:
- (自由落體加速度g)=(重力加速度a)-(向心加速度w²R)
注意以上式子中的减法为矢量相减。自由落體加速度實際上是小於重力加速度的,方向也略有区别,在赤道上則相差最多,但由於地球的半徑與自轉週期的關係,兩者大約只相差0.034m/s²,因此在日常使用的計算上,重量與重力之間的差異通常可以忽略,但若做為精密飛行器的計算,則需要考慮進去。
地表附近的所有物體下降的加速度都介於9.78和9.83m/s²之間,差別是取決於緯度等因素(赤道最少,南北極最大),標準重力加速度是9.80665 m/s²(為方便計算,一般使用9.81 m/s²、9.8 m/s²或10 m/s²)。
近似公式
根据地球参考椭球,可以导出在地理纬度φ{displaystyle varphi }
海拔高度h{displaystyle h}
的重力加速度近似值:
[1]
- g ≈ g0 (1+0.0052884sin2φ−0.0000059sin22φ)−0.000003086h{displaystyle g approx g_{0} (1+0.0052884sin ^{2}varphi -0.0000059sin ^{2}2varphi )-0.000003086h}

(注:原书sin2{displaystyle sin ^{2}}
为sin{displaystyle sin }
,疑为笔误)
其中g0≈9.78046 m/s2{displaystyle g_{0}approx 9.78046 m/s^{2}}
为赤道海平面上的重力加速度。
有的书会给出稍微不同的表达式:
[2][3]
- g(h=0) ≈ 9.780318 (1+5.3024×10−3sin2φ−5.9×10−6sin22φ)m/s2{displaystyle g(h=0) approx 9.780318 (1+5.3024!times !10^{-3}sin ^{2}varphi -5.9!times !10^{-6}sin ^{2}2varphi )quad m/s^{2}}

- dg(h=0)dh ≈ −3.0877×10−6 (1−1.39×10−3sin2φ)m/s2/m{displaystyle {frac {mathrm {d} g(h=0)}{mathrm {d} h}} approx -3.0877!times !10^{-6} (1-1.39!times !10^{-3}sin ^{2}varphi )quad m/s^{2}/m}

其中h=0{displaystyle h=0}
表示在海平面上。对重力精度要求不高时,可以采用下式计算不同高度的重力:
- g(h)=g(h=0)/(1+h/R0)2{displaystyle g(h)=g(h=0)/(1+h/R_{0})^{2}}

其中R0≈6371 km{displaystyle R_{0}approx 6371 km}
是地球的平均半径。
參見
- 地球引力
- 牛頓運動定律
- 空氣阻力
- 標準重力
- 重力火車
資料來源
- Fundamentals of Physics 8/E Extended ISBN 9780470046180
- 物理学基础ISBN 7-111-15715-X/O·390(课) page323
^ 惯性导航原理,陈永冰等,国防工业出版社. ISBN 978-7-118-05399-9. P20
^ 捷联惯性导航技术(第二版),张天光等译,国防工业出版社。ISBN 978-7-118-05336-4. P39
^ STEILER, B., and WINTER, H.:'AGARD flight test instrumentation volume 15 on gyroscopic instruments and their application to flight testing'. AGARD-AG-160-VOL. 15, September 1982
9 Kdn 02ZSV,aHve9fKXVF0
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