Endocrine disease












Endocrine diseases
Illu endocrine system.png
Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
Specialty Endocrinology

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.




Contents






  • 1 Types of disease


  • 2 List of diseases


    • 2.1 Glucose homeostasis disorders


    • 2.2 Thyroid disorders


    • 2.3 Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease


    • 2.4 Pituitary gland disorders


      • 2.4.1 Posterior pituitary


      • 2.4.2 Anterior pituitary




    • 2.5 Sex hormone disorders


    • 2.6 Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere


    • 2.7 See also separate organs




  • 3 Endocrine emergencies


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





Types of disease


Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:[1]



  1. Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)

  2. Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)

  3. Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands


Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.[2]



List of diseases



Glucose homeostasis disorders




  • Diabetes

    • Type 1 Diabetes

    • Type 2 Diabetes

    • Gestational Diabetes

    • Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young




  • Hypoglycemia

    • Idiopathic hypoglycemia

    • Insulinoma



  • Glucagonoma



Thyroid disorders



  • Goitre


  • Hyperthyroidism

    • Graves-Basedow disease

    • Toxic multinodular goitre



  • Hypothyroidism


  • Thyroiditis
    • Hashimoto's thyroiditis


  • Thyroid cancer

  • Thyroid hormone resistance



Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease




  • Parathyroid gland disorders

    • Primary hyperparathyroidism

    • Secondary hyperparathyroidism

    • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism


    • Hypoparathyroidism
      • Pseudohypoparathyroidism




  • Osteoporosis


  • Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)

  • Rickets

  • osteomalacia



Pituitary gland disorders



Posterior pituitary


  • Diabetes insipidus


Anterior pituitary




  • Hypopituitarism (or Panhypopituitarism)


  • Pituitary tumors

    • Pituitary adenomas


    • Prolactinoma (or Hyperprolactinemia)


    • Acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism

    • Cushing's disease





Sex hormone disorders




  • Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders

    • Hermaphroditism

    • Gonadal dysgenesis

    • Androgen insensitivity syndromes




  • Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)

    • Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders

      • Kallmann syndrome

      • Klinefelter syndrome

      • Turner syndrome



    • Acquired disorders


      • Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause)

      • Testicular failure





  • Disorders of Puberty

    • Delayed puberty

    • Precocious puberty



  • Menstrual function or fertility disorders

    • Amenorrhea

    • Polycystic ovary syndrome





Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere




  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia

    • MEN type 1

    • MEN type 2a

    • MEN type 2b



  • Carcinoid syndrome



See also separate organs



  • Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes


  • Incidentaloma - an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands



Endocrine emergencies


In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.[3]


Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).[4][5] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.[6][7][8]



See also



  • List of MeSH codes (C19)

  • ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

  • List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders



References





  1. ^ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.


  3. ^ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474. PMC 1743094. PMID 15356351.


  4. ^ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.


  5. ^ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.


  6. ^ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of Surgery. 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.


  7. ^ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.


  8. ^ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.




External links





Classification
D



  • ICD-10: E00-E35


  • ICD-9-CM: 240-259


  • MeSH: D004700



  • Endocrine+system+diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)


  • MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases










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