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Haitians
Haïtiens / Ayisyen

National Flag of Haiti
Total population
c. 13 million
Regions with significant populations
Haiti 10,604,000[1]
Dominican Republic	2,000,000[2]
United States	929,074[3][4]
Cuba	300,000[5]
Brazil	155,535[6][7]
Canada	137,995[8]
Chile	112,414[9]
Bahamas	80,000[10]
France	62 448[11][12][13][14]
Guyana	33,500[15]
Venezuela	30,000[16]
French Guiana	22,576[17]
Saint Martin	13,885[18]
Guadeloupe	8,000[18]
Dominica	7,600[19]
Turks and Caicos Islands	6,900[19]
Suriname	4,000[20]
Martinique	4,000[18]
Mexico	1,935[21]
Puerto Rico	1,760[22]
U.S. Virgin Islands	1,673[23]
Belgium	1,500-2,000[24]
Cayman Islands	1,500[19]
Switzerland	1,000[25]
United Kingdom	1,000[26]
Ecuador	1,000[27]
Aruba	1,000[19]
Argentina	600[28]
Netherlands	594[29]
Spain	335[30]
Italy	262[31][32]
Poland	133
Austria	52[33]
Australia	25[34]
Languages
Haitian French and Haitian Creole
Religion
Roman Catholic 80%, Haitian Vodou, Protestant[35] 16%, (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), other 3% (Islam,[36]Bahá'í Faith,[37]Judaism)[38]
Related ethnic groups
French, Africans, Latin Americans, Louisiana Creoles, Other Francophone people (particularly French Antillean and French Canadian)

Haitians (French: Haïtiens, Haitian: Ayisyen) are the citizens of Haiti and their descendants in the Haitian diaspora.

Definitions

According to the Constitution of Haiti, a Haitian citizen is:

• Anyone, regardless of where they are born, is considered Haitian if either their mother or father is a native-born citizen of Haiti. A person born in Haiti could automatically receive citizenship.


• A foreigner living in Haiti who has had a continuous period of Haitian residence for five years can apply for citizenship and will have the right to vote, but is not eligible to hold public office until five years after their date of naturalization, excluding those offices reserved for native-born Haitians by Constitutional law.

Dual citizenship

The Haitian Constitution of 2012 re-legalizes dual citizenship, allowing for Haitians living abroad to own land and run for Haitian political office (except for offices of president, prime minister, senator or member of the lower house of Parliament).

Ethnic groups

Schoolchildren from Hinche (Centre)

Haiti is a mostly black country (5% are of mixed African and other ancestry),^[39] though people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds have settled and impacted the country, such as Poles^[40][41] (Polish legion), Jews,^[40][42]Arabs^[43] (from the Arab diaspora), Chinese,^[44]Indians,^[45][46]Spanish, Germans^[47][48] (18th century and World War I), Italians,^[43] and French, most marrying into the majority black populace and in turn yielding mulattoes (many of whom are prominent in Haitian society).

Languages

The official languages of Haiti are French and Haitian Creole.

Traditionally, the two languages served different functions, with Haitian Creole the informal everyday language of all the people, regardless of social class, and French the language of formal situations: schools, newspapers, the law and the courts, and official documents and decrees. However, because the vast majority of Haitians speak only Creole, there have been efforts in recent years to expand its use. In 1979, a law was passed that permitted Creole to be the language of instruction, and the Constitution of 1983 gave Creole the status of a national language. However, it was only in 1987 that the Constitution granted official status to Creole.

Culture

Art

Haitian art, known for its vibrant color work and expressive design, is a complex tradition, reflecting strong African roots with Indigenous American and European aesthetic and religious influences. It is a very important representation of Haitian culture and history. Haitian art is distinctive, particularly in painting and sculpture where brilliant colors, naive perspective and sly humor characterize it. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, delectable foods, lush landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. Artists frequently paint in fables.

Music and dance

The music of Haiti combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled on this Caribbean island. It reflects French, African rhythms, Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of Hispaniola and minor native Taino influences. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from Vodou ceremonial traditions, Rara parading music, Twoubadou ballads, Mini-jazz rock bands, Rasin movement, Hip hop Kreyòl, Méringue,^[49] and Kompa. Youth attend parties at nightclubs called discos, (pronounced "deece-ko"), and attend Bal. This term is the French word for ball, as in a formal dance.

Compas, short for compas direct, is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with méringue as its basic rhythm. In Creole, it is spelled as konpa dirèk or simply konpa. It is commonly spelled as it is pronounced as kompa.^[50]

Until 1937, Haiti had no recorded music, until Jazz Guignard was recorded non-commercially. One of the most celebrated Haitian artists today is Wyclef Jean. Wyclef Jean, however, left the country before his teenage years and began the Fugees with Laury Hill and Peas, who together went on to become the biggest selling hip hop group of all time with The Score released in 1996.

Cuisine

A table set with Haitian cuisine

Haitian cuisine originates from several culinary styles from the various historical ethnic groups that populated the western portion of the island of Hispaniola. Haitian cuisine is similar to the rest of the Latin-Caribbean (the French and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Antilles), however it differs in several ways from its regional counterparts. While the cuisine is unpretentious and simple, the flavors are bold and spicy that demonstrate a primary influence of African culinary aesthetic, paired with a very French sophistication.

Religion

Haiti is similar to the rest of Latin America, in that it is a predominantly Christian country, with 80% Roman Catholic and approximately 16% professing Protestantism. A small population of Muslims and Hindus exist in the country, principally in the capital of Port-au-Prince.

Vodou, encompassing several different traditions, consists of a mix of Central and Western African, European, and Native American (Taíno) religions, is also widely practiced, despite the negative stigma that it carries both in and out of the country. The exact number of Vodou practitioners is unknown; however, it is believed that a small proportion of the population practice it, often alongside their Christian faith. Some secular Christians also have been known to participate in some rituals, although indirectly.

Migration

In 1998, a World Bank estimation claimed that approximately 800,000 Haitian citizens were residents of Dominican Republic. By 2001, approximately 15,000 Haitians had migrated to Dominican Republic to work in sugar mills.^[51] Haitians workers also migrated to other countries such as the United States, France, Canada, the Bahamas and other Caribbean Islands. In 2006, Approximately 800,000 Haitians resided in the United States, 80,000 Haitians were living in France 180,000 in Canada while 80,000 were dispersed between the Bahamas and other Caribbean Islands.^[52]

Haitians

See also

• Haitian diaspora


• Afro-Haitians


• Mulatto Haitians


• White Haitians


• Indo-Haitians


• Arab Haitians


• Chinese Haitians

References

Further reading

• 
  Moreau de Saint Mery, Louis (1797–1798). Description topographic, physical, civil, and political history of the French part of the isle Saint-Domingue. Paris.
  

• 
  Garrigus, John (2006). Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue. U.S.