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Maniple (Latin: manipulus, literally meaning "a handful") was a tactical unit of the Roman legion adopted during the Samnite Wars (343–290 BC). It was also the name of the military insignia carried by such unit.

Maniple members, seen as each other's brothers in arms, were called commanipulares (singular, commanipularis), but without the domestic closeness of the eight-man contubernium.

History

The manipular system was adopted around 315 BC, during the Second Samnite War.^[1] The rugged terrain of Samnium, where the war was fought, was not conducive to maneuverability which was essential for phalanx formation which the Romans had inherited from the Etruscans, Ancient Greeks and Macedonians (Greeks). The main battle troops of the Etruscans and Latins of this period comprised Greek-style hoplite phalanxes, inherited from the original Greek phalanx military unit.

After suffering a series of defeats culminating in the surrender of an entire legion without resistance at Caudine Forks the Romans abandoned the phalanx altogether, adopting the more flexible manipular system, famously referred to as "a phalanx with joints".

The manipular system was abandoned during the Marian reforms that began in 107 BC.

Structure

The maniple typically consisted of 120 soldiers arrayed in 3 ranks of 40 men when engaged in battle.

Polybius first described the maniple in the mid-second century BC. The manipular legion was organized into four lines, starting at the front: the velites, the hastati, the principes, and the triarii. These were divided by experience, with the younger soldiers at the front lines and the older soldiers near the back. One theory proposed by J. E. Lendon asserts that this order was adapted to the Roman culture of bravery, allowing an initial show of individual heroics among the younger soldiers.^{[2]:186–190}

At the front of the legion organized into maniples, the velites formed a swarm of soldiers which engaged the enemy at the start of the battle. The second and third echelon generally formed with a one maniple space between each maniple and its neighbours. Retreating troops of the velites could withdraw without disrupting those behind them. Where resistance was strong the hastati would dissolve back through the Roman line and allow the more experienced soldiers in the principes to fight. In turn, the principes could yield to the hardened triarii if necessary. At this point in battle the maniple greatly resembled the phalanx.^{[2]:180–181}

The hastati were the youngest and least experienced soldiers, and therefore fought on the front-lines. The principes were more experienced soldiers who stood behind the hastati in battle. Finally, the triarii where the veteran soldiers with the most experience. The main difference between the maniple and phalanx was that the maniple consisted of men wielding a pilum or a gladius, the first being a javelin, and the latter being a sword.^[3]

Sources disagree on the numbers involved and in all likelihood they varied considerably for tactical reasons; a generally accepted number is approximately 10– 20 maniples of 120 man hastati, 10– 20 maniples of 120 man principes, and 10– 20 maniples of 60 man triarii, for a total of 5,000– 6,000 men. The maniple was thus roughly equivalent to a double century.

Drill and fighting formations

No part of drill is more essential in action than for soldiers to keep their ranks with the greatest exactness, without opening or closing too much. Troops too much crowded can never fight as they ought, and only embarrass one another. If their order is too open and loose, they give the enemy an opportunity of penetrating. Whenever this happens and they are attacked in the rear, universal disorder and confusion are inevitable. Recruits should therefore be constantly in the field, drawn up by the roll and formed at first into a single rank. They should learn to dress in a straight line and to keep an equal and just distance between man and man. They must then be ordered to double the rank, which they must perform very quickly, and instantly cover their file leaders. In the next place, they are to double again and form four deep. And then the triangle or, as it is commonly called, the wedge, a disposition found very serviceable in action. They must be taught to form the circle or orb; for well-disciplined troops, after being broken by the enemy, have thrown themselves into this position and have thereby prevented the total rout of the army. These evolutions, often practised in the field of exercise, will be found easy in execution on actual service.

— Vegetius, De Re Militari I 26

See also

• Structural history of the Roman military

References

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Primary sources for early Roman military organization include the writings of Polybius and Livy.


• A primary source for later Roman military organization and tactics is Epitoma rei militaris (also referred to as De Re Militari), by Flavius Vegetius Renatus
  

Secondary sources

• 
  Pauly-Wissowa (German-language encyclopaedia on everything relating to Classical Antiquity)

External links

Look up Maniple in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• 
  The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari)—Translated from the Latin by Lieutenant John Clarke (1767)