习惯

Multi tool use
Multi tool use





Disambig gray.svg  本文介紹的是重覆性出現的行為。關於与「习惯」名称相近或相同的条目，請見「习惯 (消歧义)」。

習慣是一種常常出現的行為，而且常常是在無意識下出現[1][2][3]。


《美国心理学期刊》（1903年）用以下的文字來定義習慣:「以心理學的觀點來看，習慣是某種程度上固定的思考方式、意志或者感覺方式，是由以往重複的心智體驗而獲得的。」
Andrews, B. R. Habit. The American Journal of Psychology (University of Illinois Press). 1903, 14 (2): 121–49. ISSN 0002-9556. JSTOR 1412711. doi:10.2307/1412711 –通过JSTOR. 需要免费注册. 


一般人在出現習慣性行為時，不一定會注意到，因為人們在進行日常工作時，不會對自己所做的事作詳細的分析。習慣有時候會有強制性[3][4]。


將一個新的行為變成習慣的過程稱為習慣養成或習以為常。不過舊的習慣多半難以改變，而新的習慣也不容易形成，因為人們所重覆的行為模式是印在其神經通路中[5]，不過可以藉由反覆來養成新的習慣[6]。


隨著行為在一致性的情境中重覆的出現，會增加此一情境和行為的聯結，因此也增加了在此一情境下行為的自動性（英语：automaticity）[7]。習慣性行為的特性有：快速出現、未覺察、無意識下進行，而且不可控制[8]。


習慣一般會由引起的原因(也可能是環境)開始，接著是習慣本身，最後是產生的回饋感受。回饋感回頭再強化整個過程，讓大腦把回饋感與起因綁在一起，導致遇到相似環境與狀況時，本能像開關被激活一樣，自然而然地去執行，也就形成『習慣迴路』。[9]



參考資料





  1. ^ Butler, Gillian; Hope, Tony. Managing Your Mind: The mental fitness guide. Oxford Paperbacks, 1995


  2. ^ Definition of Habit. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 29, 2008.


  3. ^ 3.03.1 Definition of Habituation. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 29, 2008


  4. ^ "Habituation." Animalbehavioronline.com. Retrieved on August 29, 2008.


  5. ^ Rosenthal, Norman. Habit Formation. Sussex Directories. [November 30, 2011]. 


  6. ^ Habit Formation. psychologytoday.com. 


  7. ^ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). "A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface." Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. Available online, URL: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/rev-1144843.pdf.


  8. ^ Bargh, J. A. (1994). "The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition." In Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1 Basic processes, pp. 1–40. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers


  9. ^ 翰霖文教機構. 改變壞習慣、養成好習慣，先了解大腦的運作方式. http://www.han-lin.tw/. [2019-01-31]. 




相關條目


  • 壞習慣



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